{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T08:29:30Z","timestamp":1775032170002,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Health economic analysis is one of the solutions to optimize healthcare system management. Low back pain (LBP) appears to be increasing in both incidence and financial burden. According to the new pain definition, pain that recurs for more than 3\u202fmonths should be classified as chronic. However, evidence on the prevalence and economic impact of recurrent LBP (rLBP) in the working-age population remains limited. The aim of this study was to estimate the approximate direct costs of the working-age population with rLBP. Additionally, analyze the cost-per-visit across different age groups and types of medical services.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A bottom-up framework was used to estimate the national burden of rLBP in Poland, based on data from the Polish National Health Fund and representative hospital records from 2019 to 2021. The analysis included individuals aged 21\u201365\u202fyears with LBP-related ICD-10 diagnoses. Retrospective observational study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean annual direct cost of working-age LBP individuals in Poland was \u20ac184,986,519 including \u20ac13,699,529 from rLBP (95% CI: \u20ac9,829,766\u201317,522,323). 24.51% of LBP cases were classified as rLBP, covering 54.28% of medical services and 38.37% total LBP costs. The median cost-per-visit for rLBP was significantly higher compared to non-rLBP overall and specific age subgroups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). rLBP accounted for 34.72% of total LBP costs in individuals aged over 35\u202fyears (over 50\u202fyears 23.65%), including 21.56% (over 50\u202fyears 14.43%) for inpatient admissions and 10.79% (over 50\u202fyears 7.69%) for physiotherapy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using the bottom-up framework, the estimated cost of rLBP in Poland was \u20ac13,699,529, representing 24.51% of cases in representative hospital data. rLBP showed higher per visit costs than overall LBP across all age groups. Patients over 35\u202fyears old accounted for 34.72% of total LBP expenses and two-fifths of all medical services. Moreover, outpatient visits to physiotherapy services were predominant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1805628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T05:39:44Z","timestamp":1775021984000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Economic burden of recurrent low back pain among working-age adults in Poland: a 3-year retrospective observational analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Szyszka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Opolskie Center of Rehabilitation","place":["Korfant\u00f3w, Poland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Matuska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences","place":["Poznan, Poland"]},{"name":"Unit of Histology and Neurobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Rovira I Virgili University","place":["Reus, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bartosz","family":"Szyszka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust","place":["Bristol, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dariusz","family":"Walkowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organisation and Management in Health Care, Poznan University of Medical Sciences","place":["Pozna\u0144, Poland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Skorupska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences","place":["Pozna\u0144, Poland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","year":""},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2013.863131","article-title":"Global estimates of the burden of injury and illness at work in 2012","volume":"11","author":"Takala","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Hyg"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002703","article-title":"The Canadian version of the National Institutes of Health minimum dataset for chronic low back pain research: reference values from the Quebec Low Back pain study","volume":"164","author":"Angarita-Fonseca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.34172\/ijhpm.2020.244","article-title":"Methods for the economic evaluation of health care interventions for priority 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