{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T06:46:32Z","timestamp":1776235592906,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and its associated economic burden have risen significantly in Taiwan. While targeted therapy has become a standard treatment, its real-world effectiveness and cost-effectiveness remain to be fully evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This population-based cohort study utilized the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database and Cancer Registry to analyze 14,131 RCC cases diagnosed between 1998 and 2016. Key outcomes included life expectancy (LE), loss of LE, and lifetime medical costs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cumulative incidence rate of RCC increased from 0.37 to 0.73% in men and from 0.23 to 0.36% in women. Significant LE loss was observed, particularly in patients under 50\u202fyears of age (14.38\u202fyears in men; 12.89\u202fyears in women). In advanced cases, targeted therapy yielded a slightly higher LE (4.43\u202fyears) compared to non-targeted therapy (3.63\u202fyears); however, the loss of LE was similar between groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The real-world relationship between survival outcomes and lifetime medical costs of targeted therapy in Taiwan suggests suboptimal efficiency under current clinical practice. These findings suggest a need to re-evaluate reimbursement strategies by considering pharmacogenomic heterogeneity, implementing genomic profiling for precision medicine, and transitioning toward more effective combination therapy paradigms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1808050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T05:44:54Z","timestamp":1776231894000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Real-world costs per life-year of targeted therapy, incidence, lifetime health impact, and medical costs of renal cell carcinoma in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chin-Heng","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tungs\u2019 Taichung Metroharbor Hospital","place":["Taichung City, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Rong Hsing Translational Medicine Research Center, National Chung Hsing University","place":["Taichung City, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Doctoral Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University","place":["Taichung City, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min-Che","family":"Tung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tungs\u2019 Taichung Metroharbor Hospital","place":["Taichung City, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management","place":["Miaoli, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yen-Chuan","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tungs\u2019 Taichung Metroharbor Hospital","place":["Taichung City, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Rong Hsing Translational Medicine Research Center, National Chung Hsing University","place":["Taichung City, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying-Ming","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management","place":["Miaoli, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Tungs\u2019 Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital","place":["Taichung City, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University","place":["Taichung City, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siu-San","family":"Tse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tungs\u2019 Taichung Metroharbor Hospital","place":["Taichung City, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chia-Che","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rong Hsing Translational Medicine Research Center, National Chung Hsing University","place":["Taichung City, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Doctoral Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University","place":["Taichung City, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University","place":["Taichung City, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Rong Hsing Translational Medicine Research Center, The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Research Center, National Chung Hsing University","place":["Taichung City, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University","place":["Taichung City, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital","place":["Taichung City, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital","place":["Taipei, 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