{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T09:03:03Z","timestamp":1790240583151,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Surgical site infections (SSIs) remain a major cause of postoperative morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, and increased healthcare costs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the incidence, risk factors, microbiological profile, preventive measures, and outcomes of SSIs to inform targeted perioperative strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A hospital-based surveillance cohort study included 4,632 patients undergoing 4,860 surgical procedures between January 2022 and December 2024. Multivariate logistic regression identified independent predictors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 382 patients developed SSIs (8.25%), corresponding to an incidence density of 12.4 per 1,000 patient-days. Independent predictors included hypoalbuminemia (OR 2.91), contaminated wounds (OR 2.83), emergency surgery (OR 2.66), operative duration &amp;gt;120\u202fmin (OR 2.41), and &amp;gt;20 operating room door openings (OR 1.77). Additional risk was associated with diabetes, anemia, ASA\u202f\u2265\u202fIII status, and perioperative transfusion. Adherence to timely antibiotic prophylaxis and chlorhexidine skin preparation significantly reduced the risk of SSI (OR 0.39\u20130.51).\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      accounted for 31.4% of cases, while Gram-negative bacilli exhibited high multidrug resistance. SSIs prolonged hospital stay by 8.9\u202fdays, tripled ICU admissions, increased 30-day mortality fourfold, and added approximately USD 2,450 in direct costs. The predictive model demonstrated strong discrimination (AUC 0.84) and good calibration.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SSIs impose substantial clinical and economic burdens. Optimized perioperative care, strict adherence to prophylactic protocols, and improved environmental control measures are critical to reducing infection rates and improving surgical outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1811592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T05:40:11Z","timestamp":1781070011000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Epidemiological patterns, risk factors, and prevention gaps of surgical site infections in operating rooms: a hospital-based surveillance study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Nursing Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University","place":["Fuzhou, China"]},{"name":"Department of Surgical Nursing Center, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University","place":["Fuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Infection and Disease Control Division, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University","place":["Fuzhou, China"]},{"name":"Hospital Infection and Disease Control Division, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University","place":["Fuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huixin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Nursing Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University","place":["Fuzhou, China"]},{"name":"Department of Surgical Nursing Center, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University","place":["Fuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-022-01078-y","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of surgical site infections and related antibiotic resistance in Freetown, Sierra Leone: a prospective cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Lakoh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-019-0266-x","article-title":"Highlighting the gaps in quantifying the economic burden of surgical site infections associated with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria","volume":"14","author":"Iskandar","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-025-07526-y","article-title":"Epidemiology of surgical site infections 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