{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T05:00:05Z","timestamp":1781067605903,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"\n Background\/objectives<\/jats:title>\n This study aims to identify factors associated with life satisfaction among older adults with disabilities living alone using an analytic framework informed by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Data were analyzed from 536 older adults (aged 60\u202fyears and older) with disabilities using the fourth wave of the Disability and Life Dynamics Panel conducted by the Korea Disability Development Institute. Factors associated with life satisfaction were categorized into personal factors (sex, education level, employment status, subjective economic hardship, self-esteem, and disability acceptance), environmental factors (number of close persons and frequency of contact with them), health-related characteristics (subjective health status, primary disability type, and disability severity), and activities and participation (needs for assistance with activities of daily living, social activity participation, online social interaction, and leisure activity participation). Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics,\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -tests, analysis of variance, Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficients, and hierarchical regression analysis.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Subjective economic hardship was negatively associated with life satisfaction (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n =\u202f\u22120.151,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt;\u202f0.001), whereas employment status (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n =\u202f0.326,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt;\u202f0.001), self-esteem (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n =\u202f0.114,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n =\u202f0.002), and disability acceptance (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n =\u202f0.101,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n =\u202f0.006) were positively associated with life satisfaction within the personal factors domain. Among environmental factors, rare contact with close persons was negatively associated with life satisfaction (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n =\u202f\u22120.121,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n =\u202f0.001). Regarding health-related characteristics, subjective health status was positively associated with life satisfaction (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n =\u202f0.256,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt;\u202f0.001). For activities and participation, unmet needs for assistance with activities of daily living (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n =\u202f\u22120.078,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n =\u202f0.013) and non-participation in leisure activities (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n =\u202f\u22120.073,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n =\u202f0.016) were negatively associated with life satisfaction.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n This study highlights the multidimensional nature of life satisfaction among older adults with disabilities living alone, demonstrating that both individual and environmental factors are significantly associated with life satisfaction. Future initiatives should focus on expanding job programs, promoting social and leisure activities, and developing integrated health and social support interventions that consider both individual and community contexts, along with improving age-friendly environments.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1812101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T04:29:10Z","timestamp":1781065750000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Factors associated with life satisfaction of Korean older adults with disabilities living alone: a cross-sectional study using the ICF framework"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Song Yi","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Science, Sunmoon University","place":["Asan-si, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, Gachon University","place":["Incheon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye-Young","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, Hanyang University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"World Report on Disability","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"2023 Korean Elderly Survey with Disabilities","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-023-02035-w","article-title":"Health equity for persons with disabilities: a global scoping review on barriers and interventions in healthcare services","volume":"22","author":"Gr\u00e9aux","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"ref4","author":"Jung","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02742-5","article-title":"Living arrangement modifies the associations of loneliness with adverse health outcomes in older adults: evidence from the CLHLS","volume":"22","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.1.34","article-title":"Subjective well-being: the science of happiness and a proposal for a national index","volume":"55","author":"Diener","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"The Quality of American life: Perceptions, Evaluations, and Satisfactions","author":"Campbell","year":"1976"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.5114\/pm.2021.107025","article-title":"Multiple factors associated with life satisfaction in older adults","volume":"20","author":"Papi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prz Menopauzalny"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Factors Influencing life Satisfaction among Employed and Unemployed People with Disabilities","author":"Park","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-021-00433-x","article-title":"Factors affecting life satisfaction of older adults in Asia: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Khodabakhsh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Happiness Stud"},{"key":"ref11","volume-title":"Psychosocial Adaptation to Chronic Illness and Disability","author":"Livneh","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1177\/2167696818812604","article-title":"Disability self-identification and well-being in emerging adults","volume":"8","author":"Chalk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Adulthood"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"gnae128","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnae128","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association be-tween physical capability, social support, loneliness, depression, anxiety, and life satisfaction in older adults","volume":"64","author":"Sulandari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2424519","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.24519","article-title":"Social isolation changes and long-term outcomes: association with disability and mortality","volume":"7","author":"Lyu","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00065-4","article-title":"From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new Millennium","volume":"51","author":"Berkman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000316","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000316","article-title":"Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review","volume":"7","author":"Holt-Lunstad","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2018.10.008","article-title":"Health status and life satisfaction among people with disabilities: evidence from Taiwan","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Disabil Health J"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36041-3","article-title":"An assessment of self-rated life satisfaction and its correlates with physical, mental, and social health status among older adults in India","volume":"13","author":"Bramhankar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2022.2045563","article-title":"The impact of unmet needs for assistance with activities of daily living on self-rated health and life satisfaction among Chinese community-dwelling older adults","volume":"27","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2020.100926","article-title":"Wellbeing at older ages: towards an inclusive and multidimensional measure","volume":"13","author":"Mitra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disabil Health J"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2019.1620875","article-title":"Quality of life among older people with a disability: the role of purpose in life and capabilities","volume":"43","author":"Yeung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s11113-020-09570-2","article-title":"The persistence of high levels of living alone among adults with disabilities in Sweden, 1993\u20132011","volume":"40","author":"Sandstr\u00f6m","year":"2021","journal-title":"Popul Res Policy Rev"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-S4-S3","article-title":"Use of the international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF) as a conceptual frame-work and common language for disability statistics and health information systems","volume":"11","author":"Kostanjsek","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref24","volume-title":"The ICF: An Overview. National Center for Health Statistics","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref25","volume-title":"How to Use the ICF: A Practical Manual for Using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.17000\/kspr.18.3.201109.165","article-title":"The effects of participation in the National Basic Livelihood Security System on reducing economic hard-ship among low-income households: an application of propensity score weighting","volume":"18","author":"Jung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean Soc Policy Rev"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400876136","volume-title":"Society and the Adolescent Self-Image","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1965"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"173","article-title":"Rosenberg\u2019s self-esteem scale: analysis of item-level validity","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Korean J Couns Psychother"},{"key":"ref29","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002864","article-title":"Correlation coefficients: appropriate use and interpretation","volume":"126","author":"Schober","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.125.2.276","article-title":"Subjective well-being","volume":"125","author":"Diener","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721414547414","article-title":"The development of self-esteem","volume":"23","author":"Orth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.15.2.187","article-title":"Influences of socioeconomic status, social networks, and competence on subjective well-being in later life: a meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Pinquart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"161","article-title":"The effects of self-perceived health on social participation of subacute brain disability: focusing on the mediating effect of exercise self-efficacy","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J Adapt Phys Act"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00716","article-title":"Self-managed leisure, satisfaction, and benefits perceived by disabled youth in northern Spain","volume":"11","author":"Doistua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa065","article-title":"Disability and patterns of leisure participation across the life course","volume":"76","author":"Shandra","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01164-8","article-title":"Participation of people living with disabilities in physical activity: a global perspective","volume":"398","author":"Ginis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59862","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59862-2","article-title":"Participation and autonomy, independence in activities of daily living, and upper extremity functioning in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"14","author":"Lili","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2355698","DOI":"10.1080\/23311886.2024.2355698","article-title":"Family support, housing, and care needs of older adults in South Korea","volume":"10","author":"Hwang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cogent Soc Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1812101\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T04:29:13Z","timestamp":1781065753000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1812101\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1812101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1812101","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"article-number":"1812101"}}