{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T12:07:10Z","timestamp":1777637230804,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004071","name":"Khon Kaen University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SD-65-015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SD-65-015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 16-week recess-based ocular muscle regulation training program (OMRTP) on uncorrected visual acuity (VA) and noncycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) in adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This school-based controlled study enrolled Grade 10\u201311 students (U15\u2013U16;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 200) from Huzhou No. 2 High School in Huzhou, China. Students were assigned at the class-cluster level within the same school to an experimental group (EG,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 100) or a control group (CG,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 100). The experimental group completed a 16-week recess-based OMRTP, whereas the control group received routine vision health education only. VA and noncycloplegic SE were assessed at baseline (week 0) and post-intervention (week 17). Intervention effects were evaluated using linear mixed-effects models within a difference-in-differences (DiD) framework.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Baseline VA and SE were comparable between groups (all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;gt; 0.05). For SE, the EG demonstrated more favorable short-term functional shifts in noncycloplegic SE relative to the CG across age strata and eyes (DiD: U15 left 0.318 D, right 0.358 D; U16 left 0.268 D, right 0.210 D; all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). For VA, the EG showed greater improvements than the CG across age strata and eyes (DiD: U15 left 0.115, right 0.074; U16 left 0.156, right 0.105; all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05). Overall, mixed-effects models confirmed a significant group \u00d7 time interaction for both SE (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 62.08,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001) and VA (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 42.03,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 16-week recess-based OMRTP was associated with improvements in uncorrected visual acuity and short-term functional changes in noncycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction among adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1812557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:04:24Z","timestamp":1777442664000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of a recess-based ocular muscle regulation training program on visual function in adolescents: a school-based controlled study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hongxiu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Graduate School, Khon Kaen University","place":["Khon Kaen, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingze","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Huzhou University","place":["Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoqiang","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huzhou No. 2 High School, Huzhou","place":["Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yicheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan University of Media and Communications","place":["Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang University of Technology","place":["Heilongjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-024-01518-2","article-title":"A myopia epidemic is sweeping the globe. 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