{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:26:34Z","timestamp":1777890394314,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n Urban greening has been increasingly discussed as a component of health-supportive environments. While greenspace exposure has been associated with psychological restoration, limited evidence exists regarding household-level responses among families affected by occupational injury. This study examined whether a structured forest-based intervention was associated with short-term changes in psychological burden, resilience, and perceived family relationship quality across household roles.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A single-group pre\u2013post design was applied to injured workers and their cohabiting family members participating in a forest-based rehabilitation program in South Korea. Paired analyses included 1,194 participants. Role-stratified linear mixed-effects models (\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f918) adjusted for age and sex. Exploratory heterogeneity analyses focused on resilience (\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f789). Outcomes included occupational injury distress, resilience (KRQ-27), and family relationship quality. Mean changes, 95% confidence intervals, Holm-adjusted\n p<\/jats:italic>\n -values, and paired Hedges\u2019\n g<\/jats:italic>\n were reported. Psychometric outcomes were assessed immediately before program initiation and immediately after completion of the final scheduled session.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Occupational injury distress decreased (\n \u0394<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f\u22127.81,\n g<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f\u22120.397,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f&lt;\u202f0.001), resilience increased (\n \u0394<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f+8.51,\n g<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.517,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f&lt;\u202f0.001), and family relationship quality improved over the immediate post-program period (\n \u0394<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f+4.38,\n g<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.391,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f&lt;\u202f0.001). Reductions in distress were numerically larger among injured workers, whereas gains in resilience appeared numerically larger among children and spouses. Pre\u2013post changes were observed across income and age strata, although some subgroup contrasts did not remain statistically significant after multiplicity adjustment.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n Forest-based programming within an urban greenspace context was associated with short-term favorable changes in psychological and relational outcomes. Because the design lacked a control group, outcomes were assessed only within an immediate post-program window, and long-term follow-up was not available, the observed changes should be interpreted as short-term associations rather than confirmed causal effects.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1817203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:36:47Z","timestamp":1777613807000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Household-level surrounding greenspace as a nature-based intervention for health recovery after occupational injury"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Doyun","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Environmental Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University","place":["Jinju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sieon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Environmental Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University","place":["Jinju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minseo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Environmental Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University","place":["Jinju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaeun","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Environmental Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University","place":["Jinju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Choong-hee","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Welfare R&D Center, Korea Forest Welfare Institute (FoWI)","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changhyou","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Welfare R&D Center, Korea Forest Welfare Institute (FoWI)","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeongho","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Welfare R&D Center, Korea Forest Welfare Institute (FoWI)","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaehoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Policy Division, Korea Forest Service","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geonwoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Environmental Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University","place":["Jinju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.7358\/neur-2023-034-shuk","article-title":"Review study on neuropsychological impact of ecotherapy on urbanization","volume":"34","author":"Shukla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Trends"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe14030040","article-title":"The effects of nature exposure therapies on stress, depression, and anxiety levels: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Paredes-C\u00e9spedes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02320","article-title":"Not all green space is created equal: biodiversity predicts psychological restorative benefits from urban green space","volume":"9","author":"Wood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.104923","article-title":"Environmental, health, wellbeing, social and equity effects of urban green space interventions: a meta-narrative evidence synthesis","volume":"130","author":"Hunter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.30574\/wjarr.2024.21.1.0176","article-title":"Environmental factors in public health: a review of global challenges and solutions","volume":"21","author":"Olorunsogo","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Adv Res Rev"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102664","article-title":"The distribution of greenspace quantity and quality and their association with neighbourhood socioeconomic conditions in Guangzhou, China: a new approach using deep learning method and street view images","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-02970-1","article-title":"The effects of neighbourhood green spaces on mental health of disadvantaged groups: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Xian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Humanit Soc Sci Commun"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.043125","article-title":"Green space, urbanity, and health: how strong is the relation?","volume":"60","author":"Maas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5188","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1807504116","article-title":"Residential green space in childhood is associated with lower risk of psychiatric disorders from adolescence into adulthood","volume":"116","author":"Engemann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052563","article-title":"Green space and health equity: a systematic review on the potential of green space to reduce health disparities","volume":"18","author":"Rigolon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2022.103815","article-title":"Neighbourhood greenspace quantity, quality and socioeconomic inequalities in mental health","volume":"129","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.1996.tb00670.x","article-title":"Environmental influences on psychological restoration","volume":"37","author":"Hartig","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scand J Psychol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041770","article-title":"The psychological and physical effects of forests on human health: a systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"18","author":"Stier-Jarmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00943","article-title":"Immersive nature-experiences as health promotion interventions for healthy, vulnerable, and sick populations? A systematic review and appraisal of controlled studies","volume":"10","author":"Mygind","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14506","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114506","article-title":"Restorative effects from green exposure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials","volume":"19","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.1113","article-title":"The social consequences of occupational injuries and illnesses","volume":"40","author":"Dembe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3390\/bs3040587","article-title":"Psychological distress and post-traumatic symptoms following occupational accidents","volume":"3","author":"Ghisi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/02678373.2020.1832609","article-title":"Caregiver burden, work-family conflict, family-work conflict, and mental health of caregivers: a mediational longitudinal study","volume":"35","author":"Kayaalp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Work Stress"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2019.05.058","article-title":"Economic and social challenges faced by injured artisanal and small-scale gold miners in Kenya","volume":"118","author":"Ajith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saf Sci"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033991","article-title":"The influence of workplace injuries on work\u2013family conflict: job and financial insecurity as mechanisms","volume":"18","author":"Lawrence","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Occup Health Psychol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1097\/ta.0000000000004553","article-title":"The consequences of parental injury: impacts on children\u2019s health care utilization and financial barriers to care","volume":"98","author":"Mahajan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-011-9343-z","article-title":"Prediction of return to work outcomes under an injured worker case management program","volume":"22","author":"Kong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Occup Rehabil"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnv038","article-title":"Caregiver stress and mental health: impact of caregiving relationship and gender","volume":"56","author":"Penning","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-020-00445-w","article-title":"Public awareness of nature and the environment during the COVID-19 crisis","volume":"76","author":"Rousseau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Resour Econ"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104075","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/abb396","article-title":"Urban nature in a time of crisis: recreational use of green space increases during the COVID-19 outbreak in Oslo, Norway","volume":"15","author":"Venter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052227","article-title":"Nature\u2019s role in supporting health during the COVID-19 pandemic: a geospatial and socioecological study","volume":"18","author":"Robinson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2020.126888","article-title":"Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use and perceptions of urban green space: an international exploratory study","volume":"56","author":"Ugolini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban For Urban Green"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.14246\/irspsd.8.1_107","article-title":"The characteristics of urban forests as restorative environments with the use of the perceived restorativeness scale: focusing on the Hongneung experimental Forest, Seoul, South Korea","volume":"8","author":"Jang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Rev Spat Plan Sustain Dev"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12685","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312685","article-title":"Effect of forest therapy on depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Yeon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4371","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124371","article-title":"Urban trees and human health: a scoping review","volume":"17","author":"Wolf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01664","article-title":"The predictive value of dyadic coping in the explanation of PTSD symptoms and subjective well-being of work accident victims","volume":"9","author":"Lameiras","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.20971\/kcpmd.2013.56.1.141","article-title":"Psychometrics study on short form of multidimensional psychological test for injured workers","volume":"56","author":"JoonSuk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J Phys Mult Health Disabil"},{"key":"ref33","author":"Reivich","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2010.7.2.109","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Connor\u2013Davidson resilience scale","volume":"7","author":"Baek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"103","article-title":"Construction and validity of family relations scale-brief form","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Fam Relat"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.emmeans","article-title":"Emmeans: estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means","author":"Lenth","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref37","volume-title":"Social Policies Catalogue on Population Ageing","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066x.55.5.469","article-title":"Emerging adulthood: a theory of development from the late teens through the twenties","volume":"55","author":"Arnett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"ref39","volume-title":"Household Income and Expenditures in the Third Quarter of 2025","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref40","volume-title":"Selecting scales for survey questions","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.05.040","article-title":"Urban natural environments as nature-based solutions for improved public health\u2014a systematic review of reviews","volume":"158","author":"van den Bosch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604440","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.604440","article-title":"RETRACTED: \u201crecovering with nature\u201d: a review of Ecotherapy and implications for the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"8","author":"Chaudhury","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-4944(95)90001-2","article-title":"The restorative benefits of nature: toward an integrative framework","volume":"15","author":"Kaplan","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Environ Psychol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16020235","article-title":"Long-term effects of psychological symptoms after occupational injury on return to work: a 6-year follow-up","volume":"16","author":"Chu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(08)61689-x","article-title":"Effect of exposure to natural environment on health inequalities: an observational population study","volume":"372","author":"Mitchell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1817203\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:36:49Z","timestamp":1777613809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1817203\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1817203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1817203","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"article-number":"1817203"}}