{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T16:31:37Z","timestamp":1789576297843,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The indiscriminate use of fungicides in agricultural crops is considered one of the most important causes of antifungal resistance. Hence, it is our interest to contribute to the knowledge of antifungal resistance, within the framework of One Health. The results will be useful to define appropriate policies in the use of these drugs both in the clinical area and in agriculture. Thus, the susceptibility patterns of 187\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (\n                    <jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic>\n                    [\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f46],\n                    <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    [\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f8],\n                    <jats:italic>A. insuetus<\/jats:italic>\n                    [\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f1];\n                    <jats:italic>A. niger<\/jats:italic>\n                    [\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f85],\n                    <jats:italic>A. tamarii<\/jats:italic>\n                    [\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f34] and\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    section\n                    <jats:italic>Versicolores<\/jats:italic>\n                    [\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f13]), isolated from coffee beans from the Los Santos coffee-growing region in Costa Rica, were evaluated for amphotericin B (AMB), itraconazole (ITZ) and voriconazole (VRC); using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) broth microdilution M38 guideline. The mean minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for AMB was 2.77\u202f\u00b1\u202f3.19\u202f\u03bcg\u202fmL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 0.29\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.26\u202f\u03bcg\u202fmL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    for ITZ, and 1.14\u202f\u00b1\u202f2.68\u202f\u03bcg\u202fmL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    for VRZ. Based on the CLSI guidelines, 15.2% of\n                    <jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 75.0% of\n                    <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 3.5% of the\n                    <jats:italic>A. niger<\/jats:italic>\n                    were classified as non-wild type for AMB; 4.3% of the\n                    <jats:italic>A. flavus\/oryzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 25.0% of the\n                    <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    were classified as non-wild type for VRC. ITZ presented the lowest MIC distribution, and the isolates were classified as wild-type strains. The results show a high susceptibility to ITZ, moderate to VRC (treatment of choice for invasive aspergillosis) and low susceptibility to AMB.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1817727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T05:44:44Z","timestamp":1779255884000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antifungal susceptibility of Aspergillus spp. isolated from coffee beans of Los Santos Coffee Region, Costa Rica"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"Jaikel-V\u00edquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycology Section, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Microbiology, Universidad de Costa Rica","place":["San Pedro, San Jos\u00e9, Costa Rica"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad de Costa Rica","place":["San Pedro, San Jos\u00e9, Costa Rica"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Sancho-Chaverri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycology Section, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Microbiology, Universidad de Costa Rica","place":["San Pedro, San Jos\u00e9, Costa Rica"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor Gabriel","family":"Villegas-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycology Section, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Microbiology, Universidad de Costa Rica","place":["San Pedro, San Jos\u00e9, Costa Rica"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Cambronero-Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Nacional de Geriatr\u00eda y Gerontolog\u00eda Dr. Ra\u00fal Blanco Cervantes, Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social","place":["San Jos\u00e9, Costa Rica"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Santamar\u00eda-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycology Section, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Microbiology, Universidad de Costa Rica","place":["San Pedro, San Jos\u00e9, Costa Rica"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Morales-Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycology Section, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Microbiology, Universidad de Costa Rica","place":["San Pedro, San Jos\u00e9, Costa Rica"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Rodriguez Saravia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycology Section, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Microbiology, Universidad de Costa Rica","place":["San Pedro, San Jos\u00e9, Costa Rica"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Contaminaci\u00f3n Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica","place":["San Pedro, Costa Rica"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Calder\u00f3n-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional","place":["Heredia, Costa Rica"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norma T.","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycology Section, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Microbiology, Universidad de Costa Rica","place":["San Pedro, San Jos\u00e9, Costa Rica"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad de Costa Rica","place":["San Pedro, San Jos\u00e9, Costa 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