{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T06:08:35Z","timestamp":1779170915052,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To describe a household cluster of recurrent pediatric non-typhoidal\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      (NTS) infection and compare the yield of conventional culture, solid-phase enrichment, and shotgun metagenomic sequencing across symptomatic children and household contacts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Longitudinal fecal specimens from a 4-year-old boy (Mo) with three discrete NTS episodes in 2 months, his monozygotic twin (TB), and three adult co-residents were processed by conventional culture; specimens from Episode 2 onwards and all contact specimens additionally received solid-phase enrichment, and a subset shotgun metagenomics. Isolates were characterized by VITEK 2, XbaI-PFGE, and whole-genome sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      None of Mo's episodes met sepsis criteria (peak WBC 12.52 \u00d7 10?\/L, CRP 5.46 mg\/L, PCT 1.14 ng\/mL); TB had one self-limited episode, both parents had brief symptomatic periods, and the grandmother was asymptomatic. Conventional culture was positive only at Mo's first episode, whereas solid-phase enrichment recovered Salmonella from three culture-negative pediatric acute-phase specimens (Mo 4.12, TB 4.16, Mo 5.1). Adult contacts were negative by both culture-based methods, but metagenomic sequencing detected\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      reads in all three. Mo_0412 and TB_0416 were\n                      <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      serovar Enteritidis ST11, with identical cgMLST, 99.9966% ANI, and 97% PFGE similarity, indicating a clonal household source. Mo received antibiotics across four classes during his recurrences, vs. two sequential agents in TB.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Conventional culture, solid-phase enrichment, and metagenomic sequencing functioned as complementary modalities, each recovering\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      the others missed, supporting a tiered diagnostic strategy for household NTS investigation. Cumulative antibiotic exposure may have contributed to Mo's differential susceptibility, a hypothesis warranting prospective study.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1820049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T05:40:17Z","timestamp":1779169217000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Solid-phase enrichment uncovers a hidden Salmonella transmission chain in a recurrent pediatric household cluster: a case report"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Feng","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changzhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baoxiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1086\/650733","article-title":"International collaboration on enteric disease 'Burden of Illness Studies: the global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis","volume":"50","author":"Majowicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30362-1","article-title":"Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"18","author":"Collaborators","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00002-15","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis, antimicrobial resistance, and antimicrobial management of invasive Salmonella infections","volume":"28","author":"Crump","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00088-18","article-title":"Persistent infection and long-term carriage of typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonellae","author":"Gal-Mor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ1221","article-title":"Persistent infections by nontyphoidal Salmonella in humans: epidemiology and genetics","volume":"62","author":"Marzel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16305.1","article-title":"Kamng'ona A, Molina S, et al. 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