{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T05:48:10Z","timestamp":1782193690010,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccine hesitancy and low risk awareness were also observed in high-risk groups, such as individuals with mental disorders. This study evaluated an educational video aimed at increasing COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A randomized online experiment with 639 participants from the German general population (\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>Age<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 37.04; 77.8% female; 24.4% self-reporting a mental disorder) was conducted during the second year of vaccine distribution. Participants were randomly assigned to either the educational video or a control group (no video). Outcomes included vaccination willingness, threat perceptions, and vaccine-specific beliefs. Moderation analyses examined differential effects for diagnostic status and internalizing psychopathology.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The intervention significantly increased awareness of the importance of vaccination for individuals with mental disorders (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.033,\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.17), perceived severity of COVID-19 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.010,\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.21), and deliberative decision-making (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.015,\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.19). However, it did not significantly increase vaccination willingness or change vaccine-specific beliefs. Moderation analyses showed that participants with a self-reported mental disorder had greater perceived susceptibility (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.032,\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.36), but internalizing psychopathology did not influence outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While the video improved awareness and threat perceptions, further efforts are needed to address vaccine hesitancy and motivate behavior change in high-risk populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1821349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T05:26:28Z","timestamp":1782192388000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effectiveness of a video-based intervention for COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among individuals with mental disorders: a randomized online experiment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Huth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Experimental Psychopathology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz","place":["Mainz, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Severin","family":"Hennemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Experimental Psychopathology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz","place":["Mainz, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Witth\u00f6ft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Experimental Psychopathology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz","place":["Mainz, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Kathrin","family":"Br\u00e4scher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Experimental Psychopathology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz","place":["Mainz, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab079","article-title":"The impact of vaccination on coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"73","author":"Moghadas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2220385","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.20385","article-title":"Estimated number of COVID-19 infections, hospitalizations, and deaths prevented among vaccinated persons in the US, December 2020 to September 2021","volume":"5","author":"Steele","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.17876","article-title":"Association of primary and booster vaccination and prior infection with SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19 Outcomes","volume":"328","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-022-00176-7","article-title":"Germany's fourth COVID-19 wave was mainly driven by the unvaccinated","volume":"2","author":"Maier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4631","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32324-x","article-title":"COVID-19 mRNA booster vaccine induces transient CD8+ T effector cell responses while conserving the memory pool for subsequent reactivation","volume":"13","author":"Reinscheid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7511","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34995-y","article-title":"A call for immediate action to increase COVID-19 vaccination uptake to prepare for the third pandemic winter","volume":"13","author":"Betsch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00320-6","article-title":"Global impact of the first year of COVID-19 vaccination: a mathematical modelling study","volume":"22","author":"Watson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20806","article-title":"Increased risk of COVID-19 infection and mortality in people with mental disorders: analysis from electronic health records in the United States","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(20)30013-1","article-title":"Pre-pandemic psychiatric disorders and risk of COVID-19: a UK Biobank cohort analysis","volume":"1","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1439","article-title":"Twelve-month prevalence, comorbidity and correlates of mental disorders in Germany: the Mental Health Module of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1-MH)","volume":"23","author":"Jacobi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20826","article-title":"Prioritizing COVID-19 vaccination for people with severe mental illness","volume":"20","author":"De Hert","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00046-8","article-title":"Severe mental illness and European COVID-19 vaccination strategies","volume":"8","author":"De Picker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30564-2","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccination for people with severe mental illness: why, what, and how?","volume":"8","author":"Mazereel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psycom.2022.100075","article-title":"Possible predictors of Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy in the psychiatric population \u2013 a scoping review","volume":"2","author":"Farcas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Commun"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2021.15","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine willingness amongst patients with mental illness compared with the general population","volume":"33","author":"Jefsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-026-09360-7","article-title":"Longitudinal changes of COVID-19 vaccine-related health beliefs and associations with psychopathology in Germany","volume":"45","author":"Huth","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-69746-3_2","article-title":"\u201cFrom Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior\u201d","volume-title":"Action Control: From Cognition to Behavior","author":"Ajzen","year":"1985"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.2307\/3348967","article-title":"Why people use health services","volume":"44","author":"Rosenstock","year":"1966","journal-title":"Milbank Q"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100618760521","article-title":"Increasing vaccination: putting psychological science into action","volume":"18","author":"Brewer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Sci Public Interest"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0208601","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208601","article-title":"Beyond confidence: Development of a measure assessing the 5C psychological antecedents of vaccination","volume":"13","author":"Betsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e048172","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-048172","article-title":"Public acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines: cross-national evidence on levels and individual-level predictors using observational data","volume":"11","author":"Lindholt","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2021.100899","article-title":"Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination and correlated variables among global populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Nindrea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X221138111","article-title":"Different interventions for covid-19 primary and booster vaccination? Effects of psychological factors and health policies on vaccine uptake","volume":"43","author":"Sprengholz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033065","article-title":"Does heightening risk appraisals change people's intentions and behavior? A meta-analysis of experimental studies","volume":"140","author":"Sheeran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101632","article-title":"Crowdsourcing interventions to promote uptake of COVID-19 booster vaccines","volume":"53","author":"B\u00f6hm","year":"2022","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-024-01940-6","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of strategies to promote vaccination uptake","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1177\/13591053211044535","article-title":"Vaccination policy reactance: Predictors, consequences, and countermeasures","volume":"27","author":"Sprengholz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD015270","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015270","article-title":"Interventions to increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake: a scoping review","volume":"8","author":"Andreas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B29","unstructured":"Lewandowsky\n              S\n            \n            \n              Cook\n              J\n            \n            \n              Schmid\n              P\n            \n            \n              Holford\n              DL\n            \n            \n              Finn\n              A\n            \n            \n              Leask\n              J\n            \n          \n          The COVID-19 Vaccine Communication Handbook: A practical guide for improving vaccine communication and fighting misinformation.\n          \n          2021"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0001288","article-title":"The effectiveness of nonfinancial interventions and monetary incentives on COVID-19 vaccination: a meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12546","article-title":"Efficacy information influences intention to take COVID-19 vaccine","volume":"27","author":"Davis","year":"2022","journal-title":"British J Health Psychol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0267580","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267580","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of a video intervention shows evidence of increasing COVID-19 vaccination intention","volume":"17","author":"Witus","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B33","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing.","year":"2024"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01079-8","article-title":"A global panel database of pandemic policies","volume":"5","author":"Hale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"B35","unstructured":"Leiner\n              DJ\n            \n          \n          Munich, Germany\n          SoSci Survey GmbH\n          SoSci Survey. Version 3.3.00\n          \n          2022"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(09)70864-3","article-title":"An Ultra-Brief Screening Scale for Anxiety and Depression: The PHQ\u22124","volume":"50","author":"Kroenke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2004.09.006","article-title":"Detecting and monitoring depression with a two-item questionnaire","volume":"58","author":"L\u00f6we","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004","article-title":"Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection","volume":"146","author":"Kroenke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B39","article-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2023282","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.23282","article-title":"Association of a prior psychiatric diagnosis with mortality among hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infection JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0255382","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255382","article-title":"Psychological characteristics and the mediating role of the 5C Model in explaining students' COVID-19 vaccination intention","volume":"16","author":"Wismans","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.47368\/ejhc.2024.102","article-title":"Explaining the mechanism behind mRNA vaccines influences perceived vaccine effectiveness but not vaccination intentions: a randomized experiment","volume":"5","author":"Felgendreff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Europ J Health Commun"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0272426","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272426","article-title":"Communicating about COVID-19 vaccine development and safety","volume":"17","author":"Thorpe","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2180217","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2180217","article-title":"COVID-19 risk perception, cognitive dissonance, and vaccine hesitancy","volume":"19","author":"Equils","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.10.027","article-title":"Using narratives to inform the development of a digital health intervention related to COVID-19 vaccination in Black young adults in Georgia, North Carolina and Alabama","volume":"40","author":"Stoner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1639","article-title":"Which intervention characteristics are related to more exposure to internet-delivered healthy lifestyle promotion interventions? A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Brouwer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000699","article-title":"Single item measures in psychological science: a call to action","volume":"38","author":"Allen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Europ J Psychol Assess"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkr.44.2.175","article-title":"The predictive validity of multiple-item versus single-item measures of the same constructs","volume":"44","author":"Bergkvist","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Mark Res"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12265","article-title":"The intention\u2013behavior gap","volume":"10","author":"Sheeran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc Personal Psychol Compass"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691620984483","article-title":"Small effects: the indispensable foundation for a cumulative psychological science","volume":"17","author":"G\u00f6tz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1821349\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T05:26:31Z","timestamp":1782192391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1821349\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1821349"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1821349","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"article-number":"1821349"}}