{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T12:04:27Z","timestamp":1789646667512,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the relationship between infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases (NCDs), highlighting increased risks for people with pre-existing chronic conditions. This study piloted an integrated care model for NCD and infectious disease screening in healthcare settings. The aim of this study is to show that integrating NCD screening into existing HIV clinics and COVID-19 vaccine delivery clinics leads to better pandemic preparedness.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n From October 2023 to December 2023, we conducted a cross sectional prospective, low interventional study involving 461 participants from two health care clinics in Johannesburg, South Africa using convenience sampling. Screening included blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), HbA1c, lipid profile, glucose, and kidney function assessments. Data were analyzed to identify NCD prevalence and key risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Newly diagnosed NCDs were found in 73.9% of participants. The most common were kidney disease (31.7%), obesity (28.9%), and dyslipidaemia (25.8%). Modifiable cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, including obesity (63.9%) and alcohol use (50%), were widespread.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Integrating NCD screening into HIV and COVID-19 services is achievable, offers a valuable opportunity for early detection and intervention. Scaling such models could strengthen health systems in resource-limited settings.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1825868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:42:52Z","timestamp":1789645372000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrating non-communicable disease screening to COVID-19 and human immunodeficiency virus care in Johannesburg South Africa: a pilot model for low- and middle-income countries"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Niraksha","family":"Jithoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Viatris Global NCD COE","place":["Johannesburg, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nomathemba","family":"Chandiwana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town","place":["Cape Town, South Africa"]},{"name":"Wits Ezintsha, University of the Witwatersrand","place":["Johannesburg, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oludoyinmola","family":"Ojifinni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand","place":["Johannesburg, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffery","family":"Wing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand","place":["Johannesburg, South Africa"]},{"name":"Donald Gordon Medical Centre","place":["Johannesburg, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4683","article-title":"Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy","volume":"323","author":"Onder","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Second round of the national pulse survey on continuity of essential health services during the COVID-19 pandemic","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1080\/00015385.2021.1887587","article-title":"Fighting non-communicable diseases in the COVID-19 era: a catch 22?","volume":"77","author":"Ennezat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s44263-025-00155-9","article-title":"In-hospital trends of non-communicable disease mortality during the pandemic for patients without COVID-19 at a regional referral hospital in southwestern Uganda","volume":"3","author":"Olds","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Glob Public Health"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Mental health and COVID-19: early evidence of the pandemic\u2019s impact: scientific brief","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0293376","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293376","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on non-communicable disease patients in sub-Saharan African countries: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Basa","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e511","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30035-8","article-title":"Trends in premature avertable mortality from non-communicable diseases for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a population-based study","volume":"8","author":"Martinez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"Non-communicable Diseases in South Africa: Findings from Death Notification, 2008\u20132018","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development","year":""},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-07073-0","article-title":"Integrating diabetes, hypertension and HIV care in sub-Saharan Africa: a Delphi consensus study on international best practice","volume":"21","author":"McCombe","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01573-8","article-title":"Integrated management of HIV, diabetes, and hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa (INTE-AFRICA): a pragmatic cluster-randomised, controlled trial","volume":"402","author":"Kivuyo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-020-01217-5","article-title":"Cost and effects of integrated care: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Rocks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Health Econ"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"Geneva","article-title":"Policy research report: spending wisely: exploring the economic and societal benefits of integrating HIV\/AIDS and NCDs service delivery","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09419-2","article-title":"Facilitators and barriers of the implementation of point-of-care devices for cardiometabolic diseases: a scoping review","volume":"23","author":"Tenorio-Mucha","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-1518-P","article-title":"Point-of-care HbA1c\u2014a case for diabetes screening and diagnosis","volume":"67","author":"Szablowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e080726","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-080726","article-title":"Can we trust published evidence on point-of-care tests for cholesterol? A rapid review","volume":"15","author":"Mutepfa","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-17190-6","article-title":"Integration of point-of-care screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension into the COVID-19 vaccine programme in Johannesburg, South Africa","volume":"23","author":"Brennan","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Alcohol","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a6001","DOI":"10.4102\/safp.v67i1.6001","article-title":"The growing problem of obesity in South Africa","volume":"67","author":"Govender","year":"2025","journal-title":"S Afr Fam Pract"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Obesity and overweight","year":""},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001184","article-title":"Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic health: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association","volume":"148","author":"Ndumele","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1825868\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:42:53Z","timestamp":1789645373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1825868\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"references-count":21,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1825868"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1825868","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"article-number":"1825868"}}