{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T06:15:28Z","timestamp":1783577728089,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Floods are frequent climate-related disasters in Bangladesh, threatening physical safety, livelihoods, and mental health. Women are particularly vulnerable due to gendered roles, economic dependence, and caregiving duties. However, research on women\u2019s mental health outcomes following recent flash floods is limited. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 504 women aged 18\u202fyears and above in Fulgazi and Sonagazi upazilas of Feni District, Bangladesh, following the 2024 flash flood. Participants were recruited purposively from flood-affected communities, and data were collected at the beginning of 2025. Data were collected via face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire, and mental health was assessed using the DASS-21. Severe depression (71.1%), anxiety (48.8%), and stress (60.6%) were reported. Women aged 18\u201325\u202fyears reported lower depression and anxiety, while those aged over 55\u202fyears showed higher anxiety. Engagement in income-generating activities was associated with lower levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. Perceived social life satisfaction was strongly associated with satisfaction, whereas dissatisfaction was associated with higher psychological distress. Chronic disease status was significantly associated with mental health, with women having chronic conditions reporting higher anxiety, and those experiencing flood-related illness showing elevated depression, anxiety, and stress. Flood-related exposures also played a key role; the perceived lack of safety was associated with higher anxiety. Access to socioeconomic support during the flood was associated with lower anxiety and stress, while access to safe drinking water reduced anxiety. Food security and evacuation experiences also influenced outcomes, with the absence of food scarcity linked to lower depression and non-evacuation associated with higher depression. High levels of depression, anxiety, and stress were observed among women in flood-affected areas of Feni, Bangladesh, highlighting the need for gender-sensitive mental health support in disaster-prone settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1830406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T05:34:14Z","timestamp":1783575254000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and associated factors of depression, anxiety, and stress among flood-affected women in Bangladesh: a case study following 2024 flash flood"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Khawla Saeed","family":"Al Hattawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Resilience, Rabdan Academy","place":["Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Mostafizur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Department of Disaster Management and Resilience, Bangladesh University of Professionals","place":["Dhaka, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edris","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Resilience, Rabdan Academy","place":["Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"]},{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Chittagong","place":["Chittagong, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ifta Alam","family":"Shobuj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Department of Disaster Management and Resilience, Bangladesh University of Professionals","place":["Dhaka, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Tanvir","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sociology Discipline, Social Science School, Khulna University","place":["Khulna, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479495","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2024.1479495","article-title":"An index-based holistic approach to evaluate flood preparedness: evidence from Bangladesh","volume":"6","author":"Rahman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Clim"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3329\/jasbs.v50i1.78858","article-title":"Assessing the flood and riverbank erosion impacts and coping strategies in Hatia Union of Ulipur, Kurigram, Bangladesh: assessing the flood and riverbank erosion impacts","volume":"50","author":"Rijon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Asiat Soc Bangladesh Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-86757-6_11","volume-title":"Atmospheric Perspectives: Unveiling Earth\u2019s Environmental Challenges","author":"Spiridonov","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.3126\/nje.v12i2.46334","article-title":"A survey of post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression among flood affected populations in Kerala, India","volume":"12","author":"Asim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nepal J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2021.07.016","article-title":"A qualitative exploration of the psychological impacts of living with the uncertainty of persistent flood risk","volume":"198","author":"Fothergill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-023-01384-3","article-title":"Change in emotional distress, anxiety, depression and PTSD from pre- to post-flood exposure in women residing in low-income settings in South Africa","volume":"27","author":"N\u00f6thling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2728","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-24118-9","article-title":"The unforeseen tide: exploring mental health impacts of the 2024 flash flood in Bangladesh","volume":"25","author":"Rahman","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-24-2837-2024","article-title":"Always on my mind: indications of post-traumatic stress disorder among those affected by the 2021 flood event in the Ahr valley, Germany","volume":"24","author":"Zenker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3390\/w14010040","article-title":"Assessing community disaster resilience in flood-prone areas of Bangladesh: from a gender Lens","volume":"14","author":"Chisty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2020.101758","article-title":"Assessing the flood risk of riverine households: a case study from the right bank of the Teesta River, Bangladesh","volume":"51","author":"Mondal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2021.102247","article-title":"A study on the impact of the 2017 early monsoon flash flood: potential measures to safeguard livelihoods from extreme climate events in the haor area of Bangladesh","volume":"59","author":"Dey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1007\/s41748-025-00681-4","article-title":"Future climate extremes in Bangladesh: insights from a multi-model ensemble of CMIP6 simulations","volume":"10","author":"Nazrul","year":"2025","journal-title":"Earth Syst Environ"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/sjtg.12476","article-title":"A geospatial assessment of flood hazard in north-eastern depressed basin, Bangladesh","volume":"44","author":"Quader","year":"2023","journal-title":"Singap J Trop Geogr"},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"Over 100 Villages Flooded in Feni. 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