{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T07:02:14Z","timestamp":1779778934158,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive and motor functions in individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities are lower than in the general population. This study examined the effects of Life Kinetik (LK) exercises on motor skills and cognitive functions in adolescents with mild intellectual disabilities (MID).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this quasi-experimental study, 17 male students (aged 9\u201312\u202fyears; mean 10.47\u202f\u00b1\u202f1.07) were assigned to an experimental group (EG;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f9) or control group (CG;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f8). The EG participated in LK exercises for 60\u202fmin, 3\u202fdays per week, over 8\u202fweeks, while the CG attended regular physical education classes. Pre- and post-tests assessed cognitive functions using the Corsi Block Test and the d2 Test of Attention, and motor proficiency using bilateral coordination, balance, and upper-limb coordination subtests of the BOT-2 battery. Data were analyzed with two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise comparisons. Statistical significance was set at\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Significant time \u00d7 group interactions were found for bilateral and upper-limb coordination, indicating greater improvement in the EG (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05\u20130.01). Balance improved over time in both groups, with no significant between-group differences. Visual\u2013spatial memory improved over time (Corsi Block Test), while attention, concentration, and psychomotor speed increased and error rates decreased significantly in the EG (d2 Attention Test,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Life Kinetik exercises appear to enhance motor coordination and cognitive performance in adolescents with MID. However, due to the small sample size, these findings should be interpreted with caution, and further studies with larger samples are needed. Integrative exercise programs may be a valuable non-pharmacological strategy to support motor and cognitive development in this population. Integrative exercise programs may be a valuable non-pharmacological strategy to support motor and cognitive development in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1830603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T06:03:19Z","timestamp":1779775399000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Life Kinetik\u2013based exercise training on cognitive and motor performance in individuals with intellectual disabilities"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Harun","family":"Gen\u00e7","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education and Sports, Bing\u00f6l University","place":["Bing\u00f6l, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bar\u0131\u015f","family":"Karao\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education and Sports, Bing\u00f6l University","place":["Bing\u00f6l, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebru","family":"Ceviz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education and Sports, Bing\u00f6l University","place":["Bing\u00f6l, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziya","family":"Bahad\u0131r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education and Sports, Erciyes University","place":["Kayseri, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmet","family":"Yal\u00e7\u0131nkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education and Sports, K\u0131r\u015fehir Ahi Evran University","place":["K\u0131r\u015fehir, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"T\u00fcrkmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education and Sports, Mardin Artuklu University","place":["Mardin, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O\u011fulcan","family":"Usuflu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management and Organization, Vocational School, Rumeli University","place":["\u0130stanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-126.6.439","article-title":"An overview of intellectual disability","volume":"126","author":"Schalock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Intellect Dev Disabil"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.34069\/AI\/2022.55.07.18","article-title":"Typology of competence characteristics of pupils with intellectual disabilities","volume":"11","author":"Prokhorenko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev 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