{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T06:07:52Z","timestamp":1788847672046,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study aimed to determine the antibody response associated with physical activity (PA) levels and participants\u2019 individual characteristics following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study population included adults vaccinated with either mRNA, adenovirus vector-based, or protein-based adjuvanted vaccines. The sample was derived from participants in a larger cohort study, whose blood samples were collected on days 21, 42, 90, and 180 following COVID-19 vaccination. We tested for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody responses, excluding samples collected on day 180, which were analyzed only for IgG antibody titers. Physical Activity (PA) levels were estimated using the short-form International PA Questionnaire (IPAQ), which measures usual weekly physical activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, 641 individuals participated in the study. Seropositivity for IgG antibodies was significantly higher among participants with moderate or high PA levels at 21\u202fdays (92.6 and 97.0%, respectively) than among those in the low exercise intensity group (70.4%) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). Increasing age was associated with reduced IgG antibody production across all time points (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). The presence of at least one comorbidity was also linked to lower IgG and IgA titers at all time points (IgG:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05; IgA: day 21,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001; days 42 and 90,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;gt;\u202f0.05). Vaccine type, COVID-19 history, and PA levels significantly affected IgG and IgA antibody responses at specific time points.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Encouraging moderate-to-high levels of exercise regimens before immunization could enhance vaccine efficacy, particularly among groups at risk of poor immune responses, such as older adults and those with chronic diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1839099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T05:36:00Z","timestamp":1788845760000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["COVID-19 vaccination in relation to immune response and physical activity levels"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ioanna","family":"Voulgaridi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly","place":["Larissa, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petros C.","family":"Dinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly","place":["Trikala, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zacharoula","family":"Bogogiannidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly","place":["Larissa, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Dadouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly","place":["Larissa, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasios G.","family":"Lianos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly","place":["Larissa, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolas","family":"Papageorgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly","place":["Larissa, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Georgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly","place":["Larissa, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Zigas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly","place":["Larissa, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Bouloumpasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly","place":["Larissa, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelia","family":"Syrakouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly","place":["Larissa, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Argyro","family":"Syrakouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly","place":["Larissa, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Styliani","family":"Sarrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly","place":["Larissa, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Tseroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","place":["Athens, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fani","family":"Kalala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly","place":["Larissa, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varvara A.","family":"Mouchtouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly","place":["Larissa, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthaios","family":"Speletas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly","place":["Larissa, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiannis","family":"Koutedakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly","place":["Trikala, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Hadjichristodoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly","place":["Larissa, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.29400\/tjgeri.2025.454","article-title":"Investigation of the long-term effects of pandemic vaccines on physical and cognitive 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