{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T06:15:51Z","timestamp":1778134551294,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Grand Canal in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei offers abundant ecological resources and socio-economic value that can support physical activity and social interaction, yet its use remains largely spontaneous and underutilized for regional health promotion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study quantifies how canal-adjacent space promotes hiking, jogging, and cycling, identifies correlating features and spatial heterogeneity, and proposes optimization recommendations. Using participant movement trajectories, we combine XGBoost with multiscale geographically weighted regression to assess factor importance and spatial nonlinearity. K-Means clustering classifies canal-adjacent areas into ecology (52.9%), service (29.5%), living (11.7%), and mixed (5.9%) types; Natural Breaks delineates advantage zones for physical activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Promotion indices derived from factor weight coefficients quantifies conversion efficiency across spatial types. Illumination intensity and population density correlate strongly with three activity types. Hiking is mainly driven by slope gradient, accessibility to fitness facilities, and NDVI; jogging correlates with office complex, canopy height, and distance to bus station; cycling depends mostly on natural features.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Effects are generally nonlinear and spatially heterogeneous, centering on the Beijing-Tianjin segment with decreasing influence toward the periphery. In addition, comparing the four spatial types, mixed spaces show the highest conversion efficiency. We propose targeted development strategies and a progressive spatial enhancement model to strengthen sports functions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1843018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T05:42:09Z","timestamp":1778132529000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Environmental determinants of hiking, jogging, and cycling along the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei grand canal: implications for health promotion"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zihan","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Art Design, Hebei University of Technology","place":["Tianjin, China"]},{"name":"Center of Urban and Rural Renewal and Architectural Heritage Protection, Hebei University of Technology","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Art Design, Hebei University of Technology","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Design, Harbin Institute of Technology","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30960-6","article-title":"Update on the global pandemic of physical inactivity","volume":"388","author":"Andersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02750-2","article-title":"Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults","volume":"403","author":"Phelps","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26406-5","article-title":"Urbanization and physical activity in the global prospective urban and rural epidemiology study","volume":"13","author":"Boakye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00020","article-title":"Convenience behavior and being overweight in adults: development and validation of the convenience behavior questionnaire","volume":"7","author":"Dreher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.51250\/jheal.v2i3.49","article-title":"Understanding the impact of move your way campaign exposure on key physical activity outcomes - results from a multi-site pilot evaluation","volume":"2","author":"Olscamp","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Healthy Eat Act Living"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s12961-025-01340-w","article-title":"The implementation of physical activity policies in the Netherlands: a study applying the physical activity environment policy index (PA-EPI)","volume":"23","author":"Heuvelman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Res Pol Syst"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33504358","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-021-01088-w","article-title":"A natural experimental study of improvements along an urban canal: impact on canal usage, physical activity and other wellbeing behaviours","volume":"18","author":"Benton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105016","article-title":"Neighbourhood blue space, health and wellbeing: the mediating role of different types of physical activity","volume":"131","author":"Pasanen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052486","article-title":"Mechanisms of impact of blue spaces on human health: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Georgiou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110169","article-title":"Blue space, health and well-being: a narrative overview and synthesis of potential benefits","volume":"191","author":"White","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foar.2025.10.005","article-title":"Decoding aesthetic perception in traditional canal settlements: an AI-driven analysis of built environment influence mechanisms based on streetscape images","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Architect Res"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.19775\/j.cla.2024.S1.0071","article-title":"Research on the renovation and construction of waterfront greenways from the perspective of \u201cintegration of ecology, life and production\u201d: a case study of the waterfront greenways in Lucheng district","volume":"40","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Wenzhou Chin Landsc Architect"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5723","DOI":"10.3390\/su16135723","article-title":"The role of urban design in creating resilient public open spaces surrounding urban small watercourses: a case study of the Kumodraz stream in Belgrade","volume":"16","author":"Brkovic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"World Heritage Cities: Amsterdam\u2019s Canal District as Case Study","author":"Swart","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5222","DOI":"10.3390\/su16125222","article-title":"Valuing blue spaces for health and wellbeing from the community perspective","volume":"16","author":"Afentou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8713","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168713","article-title":"The contribution to stress recovery and attention restoration potential of exposure to urban green spaces in low-density residential areas","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-020-00915-z","article-title":"Effects of the built environment on physical activity: a systematic review of longitudinal studies taking sex\/gender into account","volume":"25","author":"Tcymbal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2022.127480","article-title":"Analyzing the effects of nature exposure on perceived satisfaction with running routes: an activity path-based measure approach","volume":"68","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urban For Urban Green"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2020.06.010","article-title":"The rhythms of canal tourism: synchronizing the host-visitor interface","volume":"78","author":"Flems\u00e6ter","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Rural Stud"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1080\/14766825.2023.2222693","article-title":"Perception in cultural heritage tourism: an analysis of tourists to the Beijing-Hangzhou grand canal, China","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Tour Cult Chang"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2019.101954","article-title":"Canal boat tourism: application of complexity theory","volume":"53","author":"Mehran","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Retail Consum Serv"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhtm.2023.03.009","article-title":"Cultural inheritance-based innovation at heritage tourism destinations: conceptualization, structural dimensions and scale development","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hosp Tour Manag"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"79","article-title":"Tourists\u2019 perception of the grand canal cultural heritage based on online travel notes","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Areal Res Develop"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2022.104446","article-title":"Blue space exposure, health and well-being: does freshwater type matter?","volume":"224","author":"McDougall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Landsc Urban Plan"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2025.03.012","article-title":"Assessing the impact of urban interventions on cyclists\u2019 behavioural change: the case of the regent\u2019s canal towpath in London","volume":"111","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transport Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01284-2","article-title":"Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: a cross-sectional study","volume":"387","author":"Sallis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2023.104879","article-title":"Understanding the effects of environmental perceptions on walking behavior by integrating big data with small data","volume":"240","author":"Qiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Landsc Urban Plan"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1009-6000.2021.07.005","article-title":"Research on post occupancy evaluation of grand canal historic and cultural district based on web review text analysis: a case study of Hangzhou","volume":"7","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mod Urban Res"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foar.2024.07.006","article-title":"Evaluation of perceived value and behavioral intentions of citizens in Chinese commercially open communities: a case study of Liuyun community","volume":"13","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Architect Res"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2023.102030","article-title":"Streetscapes as part of servicescapes: can walkable streetscapes make local businesses more attractive?","volume":"106","author":"Koo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput Environ Urban Syst"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2017.12.064","article-title":"Analysis of stated preferences for accessible services and commerce in a walkable distance from home","volume":"27","author":"Olitsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transport Res Proc"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408827","DOI":"10.3389\/fbuil.2024.1408827","article-title":"Methods and instruments for the transformative design of the public space: insight from the ancient canal of Yangzhou in China","volume":"10","author":"Fanzini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Built Environ"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2015.06.013","article-title":"Exploring associations between urban green, street design and walking: results from the greater London boroughs","volume":"143","author":"Sarkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landsc Urban Plan"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931118","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2022.931118","article-title":"Built environment impacts on rural residents\u2019 daily travel satisfaction","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Ecol Evol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2016.06.011","article-title":"Satisfaction with the commute: the role of travel mode choice, built environment and attitudes","volume":"52","author":"Ye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp Res Part D: Transp Environ"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.54097\/erz55j80","article-title":"Study on urban waterfront public space renewal along the grand canal in Beijing\u2019s urban sub center from the perspective of place attachment","volume":"113","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Highl Sci Engineer Technol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2023.102990","article-title":"Exploring nonlinear effects of built environment on jogging behavior using random forest","volume":"156","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Geogr"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2025.128684","article-title":"Deciphering popular routes in urban parks: the impact of environmental factors on the amount, intensity and diversity of physical activity","volume":"105","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Urban For Urban Green"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2023.104937","article-title":"Identifying the integrated visual characteristics of greenway landscape: a focus on human perception","volume":"99","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9120","DOI":"10.12404\/j.issn.1671-1815.2305873","article-title":"Delineating method of county production-living-ecology space in the grand canal based on three-dimensional rubik\u2019s cube model","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Technol Engineer"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.13204\/j.gyjzg22020907","article-title":"Research on quality evaluation and renewal strategy of waterfront landscape of the ancient canal","volume":"53","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Industr Constr"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.109247","article-title":"Ecological function regionalization of the core area of the Beijing-Hangzhou grand canal based on the leading ecological function perspective","volume":"142","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol Indic"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envdev.2022.100728","article-title":"Identifying intrinsic drivers to changes in riparian ecosystem services by using PSR framework: a case study of the grand canal in Jiangsu, China","volume":"43","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Dev"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhtm.2025.01.002","article-title":"Evaluating canal heritage tourists\u2019 satisfaction: an asymmetric impact-performance analysis of the grand canal in Beijing, China","volume":"62","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hosp Tour Manag"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2020.102187","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variations of land urbanization and socioeconomic benefits in a typical sample zone: a case study of the Beijing-Hangzhou grand canal","volume":"117","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Geogr"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3390\/land13010042","article-title":"Evolution model, mechanism, and performance of urban park green areas in the grand canal of China","volume":"13","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Land"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2016.10.008","article-title":"Neighborhood-based differences in walkability, physical activity, and weight status in India","volume":"3","author":"Adlakha","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Transp Health"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2024.105504","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between built environment and spatiotemporal heterogeneity of dockless bike-sharing usage: a case study of Shenzhen, China","volume":"155","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foar.2025.01.005","article-title":"Assessment framework of walking satisfaction on sidewalks in commercial districts: combining built environment and personal attributes (applied in Japan)","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Architect Res"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2022.127602","article-title":"Users\u2019 recreation choices and setting preferences for trails in urban forests in Nanjing, China","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urban For Urban Green"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6795","DOI":"10.3390\/su14116795","article-title":"The preference analysis for hikers\u2019 choice of hiking trail","volume":"14","author":"Molok\u00e1\u010d","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2023.104756","article-title":"Assessing impacts of objective features and subjective perceptions of street environment on running amount: a case study of Boston","volume":"235","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Landsc Urban Plan"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2024.104015","article-title":"Crafting a jogging-friendly city: harnessing big data to evaluate the runnability of urban streets","volume":"121","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transp Geogr"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2024.103366","article-title":"Exposure to useable green space and physical activity during active travel: a longitudinal GPS and accelerometer study before and after retirement","volume":"90","author":"Pasanen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jort.2015.06.006","article-title":"Relationships between exposure to urban green spaces, physical activity and self-rated health","volume":"10","author":"Pietil\u00e4","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Outdoor Recreat Tour"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.3390\/land14122322","article-title":"Multi-dimensional benefit evaluation of urban spaces driven by consumer preferences","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Land"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.3390\/f15112020","article-title":"Scenic influences on walking preferences in urban Forest parks from top-view and eye-level perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Zou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2024.103469","article-title":"What are the environmental preferences of runners? Evidence from Guangzhou","volume":"174","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl Geogr"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2024.101890","article-title":"A social-ecological framework to explore factors associated with transportation walking for rural American adults using case of Mississippi","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transp Health"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2025.104179","article-title":"Deciphering urban cycling: analyzing the nonlinear impact of street environments on cycling volume using crowdsourced tracker data and machine learning","volume":"124","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Transp Geogr"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2023.103834","article-title":"A joint bicycle route choice model for various cycling frequencies and trip distances based on a large crowdsourced GPS dataset","volume":"176","author":"\u0141ukawska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp Res A Policy Pract"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2024.105068","article-title":"Associations between green space availability and youth\u2019s physical activity in urban and rural areas across Germany","volume":"247","author":"Nigg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Landsc Urban Plan"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.12069\/.na.201904033","article-title":"Research on greenway riding environment perception evaluation based on semantic differential method: the case of the first phase of lake greenway in Wuhan","volume":"4","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Architecture"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3724\/j.fjyl.202405200276","article-title":"Visual environment factors influencing staying Behaviors during cycling on countryside greenways","volume":"32","author":"Wen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Landsc Architect"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665574","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1665574","article-title":"Does environmental attention differ during walking, jogging, and cycling in greenways? Evidence from eye movement responses to videos","volume":"16","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2024.105929","article-title":"Healthy urban blue space design: exploring the associations of blue space quality with recreational running and cycling using crowdsourced data","volume":"117","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2023.103579","article-title":"A data-driven approach to estimating dockless electric scooter service areas","volume":"109","author":"Karimpour","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Transp Geogr"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102552","article-title":"Examining non-linear built environment effects on elderly\u2019s walking: a random forest approach","volume":"88","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transport Res Part D-Transport Environ"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2024.104813","article-title":"Unraveling nonlinear and interaction effects of multilevel built environment features on outdoor jogging with explainable machine learning","volume":"147","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s43762-024-00158-6","article-title":"Integrating variable importance and spatial heterogeneity to reveal the environmental effects on outdoor jogging","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput Urban Sci"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2024.128291","article-title":"How does visual environment affect outdoor jogging behavior? Insights from large-scale city images and GPS trajectories","volume":"95","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Urban For Urban Green"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s10109-023-00415-y","article-title":"Spatial machine learning for predicting physical inactivity prevalence from socioecological determinants in Chicago, Illinois, USA","volume":"26","author":"Lotfata","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Geogr Syst"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2022.101845","article-title":"Extracting spatial effects from machine learning model using local interpretation method: an example of SHAP and XGBoost","volume":"96","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput Environ Urban Syst"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2023.104969","article-title":"Environmental factors for outdoor jogging in Beijing: insights from using explainable spatial machine learning and massive trajectory data","volume":"243","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Landsc Urban Plan"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2022.106880","article-title":"Predicting intersection crash frequency using connected vehicle data: a framework for geographical random forest","volume":"179","author":"Gu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2025.103596","article-title":"Environmental determinants of dynamic jogging patterns: insights from trajectory big data analysis and interpretable machine learning","volume":"178","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl Geogr"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2025.105971","article-title":"Uncovering spatial patterns of environmental influence on the paces of active leisure travel","volume":"162","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-016-0137-8","article-title":"Effects of thirty and sixty minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on postprandial lipemia and inflammation in overweight men: a randomized cross-over study","volume":"13","author":"Emerson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr"},{"key":"ref79","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.32.7.513","article-title":"Toward an experimental ecology of human development","volume":"32","author":"Bronfenbrenner","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2023.101629","article-title":"Associations between the built and social environment and bike share, physical activity, and overall cycling among adults from Boston neighborhoods","volume":"31","author":"Troped","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Transp Health"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2021.101089","article-title":"Individual, social, and environmental factors associated with active transportation commuting during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"22","author":"Cusack","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Transp Health"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.20113\/j.ccpr.2020.02.008","article-title":"Theoretical model on factors influencing street physical activity from a social ecological perspective. China city","volume":"29","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plan Rev"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foar.2024.10.006","article-title":"Pedestrian vitality characteristics in pedestrianized commercial streets-considering temporal, spatial, and built environment factors","volume":"14","author":"Lian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Architect Res"},{"key":"ref85","first-page":"54","article-title":"Research on the measurement and influencing factors of street vigour in historic districts: a case study of Wenming street historic district in Kunming","volume":"4","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"South Architecture"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2024.103176","article-title":"Spatio\u2013temporal effects of built environment on running activity based on a random forest approach in Nanjing, China","volume":"85","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtst.2024.08.008","article-title":"Non-linear relationship between built environment and active travel: a hybrid model considering spatial heterogeneity","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Internat J Transport Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jum.2024.05.004","article-title":"Spatiotemporal association of urban park characteristics and physical activity levels based on GTWR: a serial cross-sectional observational study","volume":"13","author":"Tao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Urban Manag"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2023.127958","article-title":"Relationship between visitor characteristics, physical activity levels and park environment in subtropical areas\u2019 urban parks","volume":"85","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Urban For Urban Green"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117605","article-title":"The relation between proximity to and characteristics of green spaces to physical activity and health: a multi-dimensional sensitivity analysis in four European cities","volume":"241","author":"Cardinali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1009-6000.2021.10.015","article-title":"The impact of health-supportive environment on regular physical activity among urban and rural residents in China","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mod Urban Res"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.02.012","article-title":"How socio-economic status contributes to participation in leisure-time physical activity","volume":"66","author":"Cerin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2018.11.013","article-title":"Why do bicyclists take detours? A multilevel regression model using smartphone GPS data","volume":"74","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Transp Geogr"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2023.104409","article-title":"Does transportation infrastructure construction promote population agglomeration? Evidence from 1838 Chinese county-level administrative units","volume":"140","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/12265934.2025.2452502","article-title":"The influencing factors and regional heterogeneity of county-level public services quality in China","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Urban Sci"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2023.102332","article-title":"Mining crowdsourced text to capture hikers\u2019 perceptions associated with landscape features and outdoor physical activities","volume":"78","author":"Chai-allah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eco Inform"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2019.04.003","article-title":"Activity spaces in studies of the environment and physical activity: a review and synthesis of implications for causality","volume":"58","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09321-3","article-title":"Countrywide natural experiment links built environment to physical activity","volume":"645","author":"Althoff","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmr.2023.100008","article-title":"Road lighting and cycling: a review of the academic literature and policy guidelines","volume":"2","author":"Vidal-Tortosa","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cycling Micromobil Res"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16183460","article-title":"The effect of improving cycleway environment on the recreational benefits of bicycle tourism","volume":"16","author":"Yeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-025-10659-w","article-title":"Effects of road greenery and sky openness on non-commuting cycling route choice: insights from online map navigation","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2022.104336","article-title":"Sustainable design of running friendly streets: environmental exposures predict runnability by volunteered geographic information and multilevel model approaches","volume":"89","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-0696(02)00040-2","article-title":"On the scarcity value of ecosystem services","volume":"46","author":"Batabyal","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Environ Econ Manag"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.12353","article-title":"Psychological benefits of outdoor physical activity in natural versus urban environments: a systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies","volume":"14","author":"Wicks","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Health Well Being"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4429","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094429","article-title":"Walkability and greenness do not walk together: investigating associations between greenness and walkability in a large metropolitan city context","volume":"18","author":"Shuvo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3390\/su18010485","article-title":"Walking, jogging, and cycling: what differs? Explainable machine learning reveals differential responses of outdoor activities to built environment","volume":"18","author":"Xiao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2678","DOI":"10.1002\/pan3.70142","article-title":"Walking, jogging or cycling? Exploring the associations between campus greenway environment and physical activity using large-scale trajectory data","volume":"7","author":"Mao","year":"2025","journal-title":"People Nature"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660624","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.660624","article-title":"The associations between access to recreational facilities and adherence to the American Heart Association\u2019s physical activity guidelines in US adults. Front","volume":"9","author":"Andrade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33588882","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-021-01083-1","article-title":"Land use mix and physical activity in middle-aged and older adults: a longitudinal study examining changes in land use mix in two Dutch cohorts","volume":"18","author":"Noordzij","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2010.07.008","article-title":"Route choice of cyclists in Zurich","volume":"44","author":"Menghini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transp Res A Policy Pract"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2024.01.025","article-title":"Rest station\u2019s value-added amenities for biking tourism and leisure: perspectives of seasoned bicyclists and infrequent bicyclists","volume":"149","author":"Wilco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp Policy"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409466","article-title":"Perceived neighborhood environmental attributes associated with walking and cycling for transport among adult residents of 17 cities in 12 countries: the IPEN study","volume":"124","author":"Kerr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-11-31","article-title":"Route choices of transport bicyclists: a comparison of actually used and shortest routes","volume":"11","author":"Krenn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10405","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61143-x","article-title":"The impact of square dancing on psychological well-being and life satisfaction among aging women","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2016.04.005","article-title":"Heritage, health and place: the legacies of local community-based heritage conservation on social wellbeing","volume":"39","author":"Power","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.3390\/heritage8100408","article-title":"Research on optimization of tourism spatial structure of linear cultural heritage: a case study of the Beijing\u2013Hangzhou grand canal","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heritage"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2025.104471","article-title":"Does proximity matter in shopping behavior?","volume":"196","author":"Verma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transp Res A Policy Pract"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10225","DOI":"10.3390\/su172210225","article-title":"Blue space and healthy aging: effects on older adults\u2019 walking in 15-minute living circles\u2014evidence from Tianjin Binhai new area","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2023.104538","article-title":"Associations of neighbourhood environmental attributes and socio-economic status with health-related quality of life in urban mid-aged and older adults: mediation by physical activity and sedentary behaviour","volume":"142","author":"Barnett","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cities"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1843018\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T05:42:24Z","timestamp":1778132544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1843018\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"references-count":119,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1843018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1843018","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"article-number":"1843018"}}