{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T12:04:58Z","timestamp":1790337898250,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Road traffic crashes (RTCs) are the leading cause of injuries and fatalities for children in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), with vehicle occupants representing the majority of child traffic casualties. However, despite the high incidence and severity of child occupant injuries in the UAE, no dedicated study has yet focused on the factors associated with injury risk for child occupants. All previous studies have focused on child occupants in Al Ain city and were conducted between 10 and 30\u202fyears ago. Accordingly, the current study sought to assess the current state of child occupant safety in the UAE using a recent national dataset for children aged 0\u201317\u202fyears. A retrospective, population-based analysis of UAE national crash data from 2012 to 2023 was conducted to identify key risk factors for child occupant injury severity. The principles of the safe system approach (SSA) were used to anchor the analysis of the identified risk factors. A hierarchical approach was employed where the initial model comprised the safe road users variables only. Variables corresponding to the other pillars of the SSA were added sequentially to evaluate the contribution of each SSA pillar to child passenger injury severity. Safe road user factors (gender, seating position, child age), safe speeds (posted speed), safe roads (road condition, lighting condition), and system management (emirate) were significantly associated with the severity of child occupant injuries. Strict enforcement of existing legislation regarding underage driving and front-row seating for young children, posted speed limit reductions, road safety behavioral change interventions targeting boys, child occupant safety awareness campaigns, and increased emergency response should be pursued to enhance child occupant safety in the UAE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1844331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:56:33Z","timestamp":1790337393000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Child occupant injuries in the United Arab Emirates: a case for a safe system approach"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Uba","family":"Abdulazeez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emirates Centre for Mobility Research, United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"]},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"]},{"name":"Department of Automotive Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University","place":["Bauchi, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aminu S.","family":"Abdullahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sjaan","family":"Koppel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University","place":["Melbourne, VIC, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Grivna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kassim","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emirates Centre for Mobility Research, United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"]},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"19","author":"Larsson","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.3390\/su14063491","article-title":"Utilising human crash tolerance to design an interim and ultimate safe system for road safety","volume":"14","author":"Truong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2978","DOI":"10.3390\/su14052978","article-title":"The ultimate safe system: redefining the safe system approach for road safety","volume":"14","author":"Job","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Safe System\u2013Comparisons of this Approach in Australia Australasian College of road Safety national Conference","author":"Mooren","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Zero Road Deaths and Serious Injuries Leading a Paradigm Shift to a Safe System: Leading a Paradigm Shift to a Safe System","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1080\/17457300.2012.696660","article-title":"The legal framework and initiatives for promoting safety in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"19","author":"Grivna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003071501","volume-title":"Child Passenger Safety in the United Arab Emirates: A Review 2020 Advances in Science and Engineering Technology International Conferences (ASET)","author":"Abdullah","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1080\/19439962.2016.1228090","article-title":"An exploratory investigation of child safety seat use among citizens of the United Arab Emirates","volume":"9","author":"Bromfield","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Transp Saf Secur"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.15406\/jpnc.2018.08.00346","article-title":"Assessment of mother\u2019s knowledge on importance and need for child car safety seat in UAE","volume":"8","author":"Elhalik","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neonatal Care"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2011.09.009","article-title":"A holistic approach for assessing traffic safety in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"45","author":"Hassan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"ref11","volume-title":"Children and Seat Belts - UAE\u2019S First Holistic Seat Belt Survey - Part 2","author":"Thomas Edelmann","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"1","author":"Najah","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2017.09.001","article-title":"Child restraint system use in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"51","author":"Bendak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp Res F Traffic Psychol Behav"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5966","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19105966","article-title":"Restraint use for child occupants in Dubai, United Arab Emirates","volume":"19","author":"Ahmad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2023.101746","article-title":"Restraint use within vehicles transporting child occupants in Dubai, United Arab Emirates: an observational study","volume":"34","author":"Ahmad","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transp Health"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"3","volume-title":"The Facilitators and Barriers to Appropriate Child Restraint Use in the United Arab Emirates: A Qualitative Study. Available SSRN 5192902","author":"Ahmad","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A241.3","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2010.029215.859","article-title":"Child restraints a cross-sectional study on knowledge, attitude and practice of traffic police in United Arab Emirates","volume":"16","author":"Grivna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"1","volume-title":"PW 2866 Kids Don\u2019t fly\u2013Car Seat Campaign in the United Arab Emirates","author":"Al Kathiri","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580802040352","article-title":"Prevalence and issues in non-use of safety belts and child restraints in a high-income developing country: lessons for the future","volume":"9","author":"Barss","year":"2008","journal-title":"Traffic Inj Prev"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/14773996.2018.1560990","article-title":"Rear seat belt use in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"17","author":"Bendak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Policy Pract Heal Saf"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Epidemiology and Prevention of Child Injuries in the United Arab Emirates: A Report for SafeKids Worldwide","author":"Grivna","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007444109260","article-title":"Injury mortality and morbidity among children in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"14","author":"Bener","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aaen.2007.07.010","article-title":"Trends in childhood injury mortality in a developing country: United Arab Emirates","volume":"15","author":"Bener","year":"2007","journal-title":"Accid Emerg Nurs"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e68636","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068636","article-title":"Pediatric and youth traffic-collision injuries in Al Ain, United Arab Emirates: a prospective study","volume":"8","author":"Grivna","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.1998.349","article-title":"Road traffic accident admissions in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"18","author":"Sankaran-Kutty","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2012.711498","article-title":"Child and youth traffic-related injuries: use of a trauma registry to identify priorities for prevention in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"14","author":"Grivna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Traffic Inj Prev"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"1","author":"Abdullah","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iatssr.2023.05.003","article-title":"Predicting child occupant crash injury severity in the United Arab Emirates using machine learning models for imbalanced dataset","volume":"47","author":"Abdulazeez","year":"2023","journal-title":"IATSS Res"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000078883.74947.EB","article-title":"Children in side-impact motor vehicle crashes: seating positions and injury mechanisms","volume":"56","author":"Howard","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.18.12.413","article-title":"Child occupant protection in motor vehicles","volume":"18","author":"Agran","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200109000-00008","article-title":"Factors influencing pediatric injury in side impact collisions","volume":"51","author":"Arbogast","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"19","volume-title":"22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV)","author":"Ejima","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"12","volume-title":"Proc Int Res Counc Biomech Inj (IRCOBI)","author":"Graci","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2019180063","article-title":"Pattern recognition: a mechanism-based approach to injury detection after motor vehicle collisions","volume":"39","author":"Fadl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iatssr.2018.08.003","article-title":"Crash risk factors associated with injury severity of teen drivers","volume":"43","author":"Duddu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IATSS Res"},{"key":"ref36","volume-title":"Convention on the Rights of the Child","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"1","article-title":"New UAE traffic law comes into force","volume":"1","author":"Interior","year":"2017","journal-title":"UAE Government"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2020.08.136","article-title":"Characterization of road crashes in the emirate of Abu Dhabi","volume":"48","author":"de Albuquerque","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp Res procedia"},{"key":"ref39","volume-title":"636 Underage Driving in the United Arab Emirates: Crash, Injury, and Trauma Severity","author":"Abdulazeez","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2024.101268","article-title":"Child vulnerable road user crash injury severity","volume":"18","author":"Abdulazeez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Case Stud Transp Policy"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-2460","article-title":"Child passenger safety","volume":"142","author":"Durbin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.05.021","article-title":"Rear-seat motor vehicle travel in the US: using national data to define a population at risk","volume":"37","author":"Trowbridge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.04.006","article-title":"Rear seat safety: variation in protection by occupant, crash and vehicle characteristics","volume":"80","author":"Durbin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e305","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1522","article-title":"Effects of seating position and appropriate restraint use on the risk of injury to children in motor vehicle crashes","volume":"115","author":"Durbin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4271\/2019-22-0008","volume-title":"Factors Affecting Child Injury Risk in Motor-Vehicle Crashes","author":"Benedetti","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2004.007617","article-title":"Teen drivers and the risk of injury to child passengers in motor vehicle crashes","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"xiii","volume-title":"Management, An Issue of Neurosurgery Clinics of North America","author":"Pain","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0555","article-title":"Effects of child age and body size on serious injury from passenger air-bag presence in motor vehicle crashes","volume":"115","author":"Newgard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1999.tb00439.x","article-title":"A retrospective review of air bag deaths","volume":"6","author":"McKay","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.3.4.295","article-title":"A review of risk factors for child pedestrian injuries: are they modifiable?","volume":"3","author":"Wazana","year":"1997","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2022.01.008","article-title":"Using ordered and unordered logistic regressions to investigate risk factors associated with pedestrian crash injury severity in Victoria","volume":"81","author":"Nasri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Australia J Safety Res"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2011-200496","article-title":"Are boys and girls that different? An analysis of traumatic brain injury in children","volume":"30","author":"Collins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtte.2022.08.004","article-title":"Impact of drivers\u2019 attributes on children injury severities in traffic crashes","volume":"10","author":"Nazneen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J traffic Transp Eng"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2014.10.001","article-title":"Child passengers injured in motor vehicle crashes","volume":"52","author":"Romano","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Saf Res"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1177\/03611981211011620","article-title":"Use of bivariate random-parameter probit model to analyze the injury severity of highway traffic crashes involving school-age children","volume":"2675","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp Res Rec"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107100","article-title":"Sex-based differences in odds of motor vehicle crash injury outcomes","volume":"195","author":"Craig","year":"2024","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4271\/2023-22-0002","article-title":"Examination of crash injury risk as a function of occupant demographics","volume":"67","author":"Dalmotas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200102000-00014","article-title":"Female compared with male fatality risk from similar physical impacts","volume":"50","author":"Evans","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1050","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0215","article-title":"Technical report--child passenger safety","volume":"127","author":"Durbin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31827d606c","article-title":"A comparison of injuries, crashes, and outcomes for pediatric rear occupants in traffic motor vehicle collisions","volume":"74","author":"Stewart","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.07.007","article-title":"Urban\u2013rural differences in motor vehicle crash fatality and hospitalization rates among children and youth","volume":"38","author":"Kmet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1080\/13588265.2021.1926851","article-title":"Child occupant injury risk in rear impact and frontal impact: effect of impact conditions and occupant related factors","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J crashworthiness"},{"key":"ref63","first-page":"5","volume-title":"(CDC) C for DC and P. Motor Vehicle Crashes, Medical Outcomes, and Hospital Charges Among Children Aged 1\u201312 Years-Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System, 11 States, 2005\u20132008","author":"Sauber-Schatz","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2021.01.030","article-title":"Fatal road crashes in the emirate of Abu Dhabi: contributing factors and data-driven safety recommendations","volume":"52","author":"Awadalla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp Res Procedia"},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"915","volume-title":"International Road Federation World Meeting and Exhibition","author":"Albuquerque","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Adriazola-Steil C","author":"Turner","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref67","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Speed Management: A Road Safety Manual for Decision-Makers and Practitioners","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.12.010","article-title":"Influence of pavement condition on horizontal curve safety","volume":"52","author":"Buddhavarapu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"ref69","volume-title":"Design Criteria for Adaptive Roadway Lighting","author":"Gibbons","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2008.10.003","article-title":"Effects of road lighting: an analysis based on Dutch accident statistics 1987\u20132006","volume":"41","author":"Wanvik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"ref71","volume-title":"96th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting","author":"Wang","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1108\/9781848552517","article-title":"The handbook of road safety measures, Bingley","volume":"4","author":"Elvik","year":"2009","journal-title":"UK Emerald Gr Publ Ltd"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2017.04.034","article-title":"State-level geographic variation in prompt access to care for children after motor vehicle crashes","volume":"217","author":"Wolf","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2021.02.036","article-title":"Pathways and factors that influence time to definitive trauma care for injured children in New South Wales","volume":"53","author":"Curtis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Australia Injury"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2023.3344","article-title":"Association of transport time, proximity, and emergency department pediatric readiness with pediatric survival at US trauma centers","volume":"158","author":"Glass","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.08.032","article-title":"Paediatric and adolescent trauma care within an integrated trauma system","volume":"43","author":"Deasy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_330_23","article-title":"Use of child safety seat and its determinants in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Al-Wassia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Saudi J Med Med Sci"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0190471","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190471","article-title":"Use of child restraint system and patterns of child transportation in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"13","author":"Alsanea","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref79","volume-title":"922 Child Restraint Use in the State of Qatar: Findings from an Observational Study","author":"Consunji","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1080\/17457300.2012.745578","article-title":"Keeping our children safe in motor vehicles: knowledge, attitudes and practice among parents in Kuwait regarding child car safety","volume":"20","author":"Raman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Inj Control Saf Promot"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2015.1103849","article-title":"Restraint use in the Eastern Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","volume":"17","author":"Fildes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Traffic Inj Prev"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5339\/qmj.2019.8","article-title":"A rapid market survey on the availability of car seats in Qatar: implications for child passenger safety","volume":"2019","author":"Consunji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Qatar Med J"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651372","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1651372","article-title":"Characteristics of severe injuries among children and adolescents in a sub-national trauma registry in Saudi Arabia","volume":"13","author":"Alqahtani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Public Heal"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asjsur.2012.04.021","article-title":"Pediatric trauma research in the Gulf cooperation council countries","volume":"35","author":"Hefny","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian J Surg"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-006-1715-7","article-title":"Motor vehicle injuries in childhood: a hospital-based study in Saudi Arabia","volume":"22","author":"Crankson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13091045","article-title":"Trend of injury severity and road traffic-related mortality in an Arab middle eastern country: a 12-year retrospective observational study","volume":"13","author":"Abulkhair","year":"2025","journal-title":"In: Healthcare MDPI"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2020.417","article-title":"The prevalence of head and facial injuries among children in Saudi Arabia following road traffic crashes","volume":"40","author":"Alghnam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5339\/qmj.2020.3","article-title":"Pediatric road traffic injuries in Qatar: evidence for a developmental stage approach to road safety","volume":"2020","author":"Consunji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Qatar Med J."},{"key":"ref89","volume-title":"918 Pattern of Childhood Injuries: Findings from Hospital Based Injury Surveillance System in Oman","author":"Mehmood","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref90","volume-title":"39 Child and Adolescent Injuries in the Arab Gulf: Understanding the Burden and Risk Factors","author":"Hyder","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.20408\/jti.2015.28.3.98","article-title":"Injury analysis of child passenger according to the types of safety restraint systems in motor vehicle crashes","volume":"28","author":"Sung","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Trauma Inj"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4271\/973299","volume-title":"Trends and Effects of Child Restraint Systems Based on Volvo\u2019s Swedish Accident Database","author":"Isaksson-Hellman","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref93","author":"Jakobsson","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref94","first-page":"176","article-title":"Analysis of the factors affecting the severity of two-vehicle crashes","volume":"24","author":"Angel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ing y Desarro"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1844331\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:56:39Z","timestamp":1790337399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1844331\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"references-count":94,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1844331"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1844331","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"article-number":"1844331"}}