{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T06:28:16Z","timestamp":1787120896073,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Unsupervised, self-collected nasal swabs (SCNS) are a convenient alternative to collection by health-care workers for influenza-like illness (ILI) surveillance. We compared viral respiratory pathogen detection in paired SCNS versus research coordinator-collected nasal swabs (CCNS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adult Military Health System beneficiaries were enrolled in a prospective influenza vaccine effectiveness trial. Following vaccination, participants were contacted weekly to ascertain ILI symptoms. In the event of an ILI, participants completed a symptom diary, a SCNS, and were offered a visit for CCNS. We evaluated respiratory pathogen detection by PCR, concordance between paired swabs (Cohen\u2019s Kappa statistic), and the impact of the timing (days post symptom onset [DPSO]) of collection on detection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      3,357 ILIs were reported during the study period and paired (SCNS and CCNS) swabs were obtained during 1,048 ILIs. Among the paired swabs, SCNS were generally collected earlier than CCNS (median DPSO: 3.0 versus CCNS: 7.0;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001) and a higher proportion reported moderate or severe symptoms at the time of SCNS collection (43.9% versus 33.3%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). Among 988 swab pairs collected 0\u20137\u202fdays apart, viral pathogen detection was higher in SCNS (39%) versus CCNS (31%) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001; K\u202f=\u202f0.59). Paired swabs collected within 7 DPSO (K: 0.63 versus 0.42) were associated with a higher concordance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SCNS are a feasible and useful alternative to CCNS for respiratory virus surveillance and research as it allows an average earlier collection time. Detection of viral pathogens is increased by obtaining swabs within 7\u202fdays of symptom onset.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03734237?term=NCT03734237&amp;amp;rank=1<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , NCT03734237.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1846269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T05:49:06Z","timestamp":1787118546000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Participant self-collected versus research coordinator-collected nasal swabs for respiratory viral surveillance following influenza-like illness"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Michelle","family":"Kautz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Navy Medicine Readiness and Training Command San Diego","place":["San Diego, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kat","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]},{"name":"The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie A.","family":"Richard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]},{"name":"The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhonda E.","family":"Colombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]},{"name":"The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]},{"name":"Madigan Army Medical Center","place":["Tacoma, WA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nusrat J.","family":"Epsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]},{"name":"The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuradha","family":"Ganesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]},{"name":"The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]},{"name":"Walter Reed National Military Medical Center","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan C.","family":"Maves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wake Forest University School of Medicine","place":["Winston-Salem, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Mende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]},{"name":"The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]},{"name":"Brooke Army Medical Center, JBSA Fort Sam Houston","place":["San Antonio, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Schofield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Madigan Army Medical Center","place":["Tacoma, WA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay R.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed National Military Medical Center","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Pollett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]},{"name":"The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek T.","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Navy Medicine Readiness and Training Command San Diego","place":["San Diego, CA, United States"]},{"name":"Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony C.","family":"Fries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The United States Airforce School of Aerospace Medicine","place":["Dayton, OH, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy H.","family":"Burgess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahaniyat","family":"Lalani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]},{"name":"The Henry M. 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Seattle flu alliance","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofac675","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac675","article-title":"Predictors of seeking care for influenza-like illness in a novel digital study","volume":"10","author":"Chawla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2018.1472805","article-title":"The healthcare seeking rate of individuals with influenza like illness: a meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Dis (Lond)"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa465","article-title":"Healthcare-seeking behavior for respiratory illness among flu near you participants in the United States during the 2015-2016 through 2018-2019 influenza seasons","volume":"226","author":"Baltrusaitis","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2337-5","article-title":"Disease severity determines health-seeking behaviour amongst individuals with influenza-like illness in an internet-based cohort","volume":"17","author":"Peppa","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1846269\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T05:49:07Z","timestamp":1787118547000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1846269\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"references-count":22,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1846269"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1846269","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"article-number":"1846269"}}