{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T06:03:44Z","timestamp":1781071424845,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010009","name":"Heilongjiang Provincial Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to clarify the association between iodine supplementation and thyroid function indices, as well as secondary outcomes including thyroglobulin (Tg) and thyroid volume (TV), in iodine-deficient pregnant women, accounting for different supplementation regimens and trimesters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chinese and English literature on iodine supplementation in iodine-deficient pregnant women and its associations with thyroid function indices, Tg, and TV was retrieved from PubMed, Medline, Embase, CNKI, WanFang, and WeiPu databases. Effect sizes were estimated using fixed- and random-effects models, reported as standardized mean difference (SMD), odds ratio (OR), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Iodine supplementation was associated with reduced serum TSH and Tg levels in iodine-deficient pregnant women (TSH: SMD = \u22120.14, 95% CI: \u22120.23, \u22120.05;\n                      <jats:italic>Pz<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.002; Tg: SMD = \u22120.22, 95% CI: \u22120.32, \u22120.13;\n                      <jats:italic>Pz<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). Subgroup analyses showed significant TSH reductions in Asian populations, third trimester, daily supplementation, 200\u2013300 \u03bcg\/d doses, and potassium iodide use (\n                      <jats:italic>Pz<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05). Tg was significantly reduced across all regions, iodine supplementation dosages and methods, second\/third trimesters, and daily supplementation subgroups (\n                      <jats:italic>Pz<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05). TV was significantly increased in the Europe subgroup and the until postpartum supplementation subgroup (\n                      <jats:italic>Pz<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.01). Egger's test suggested publication bias for TV, but results remained robust after trim-and-fill adjustment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Standardized iodine supplementation notably reduces serum TSH and Tg in iodine-deficient pregnant women, relieving gestational thyroid dysfunction and optimizing maternal thyroid health. Greater TSH improvements are observed in Asian populations, the third trimester, and those taking 200\u2013300 \u03bcg potassium iodide daily.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD420261323017<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier: CRD420261323017.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1846475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T05:36:59Z","timestamp":1781069819000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of different iodine supplementation strategies on thyroid function in iodine-deficient pregnant women: a 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