{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:55:44Z","timestamp":1790009744938,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Within the last three decades, common metabolic diseases have become a worldwide health burden, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). However, trends and burdens of these metabolic diseases across age and sex in Mainland China from 1990 to 2021 remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Estimated disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and deaths from GBD 2021 were utilized to analyze common metabolic diseases (T2DM, hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and MASLD). Trend analyses were conducted using age-standardized DALYs (mortality) per 100,000 population and the total percentage change (TPC) between 1990 and 2021. Estimates were presented with uncertainty intervals (UI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2021, among the five common metabolic diseases, hypertension had the highest burden (55.69 million [95% UI: 43.30\u201370.33] DALYs), followed by obesity (20.87 million [95% UI: 8.50\u201333.64] DALYs), hypercholesterolemia (18.41 million [95% UI: 10.27\u201327.11]), T2DM (11.47 million [95% UI: 8.83\u201314.70] DALYs) and MASLD (0.41 million [95% UI: 0.32\u20130.53] DALYs). Over the past three decades, the burden of these metabolic diseases has increased, albeit at varying magnitudes (ranging from a 0.64-fold to a 2.84-fold increase). Obesity and T2DM were the top two diseases with the highest TPC (2.84 and 1.90 respectively). The burden of DALYs and deaths, as well as their TPC in males with almost all the five common metabolic diseases was higher than that in females. In addition, the 55\u201374\u202fyears age group had the greatest burden of metabolic conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The burden of common metabolic diseases remained high and continued to increase in Mainland China over the past 30\u202fyears. Therefore, urgent interventions are needed to address the concerning surge in DALYs and mortality as well as the persistent age-sex disparities attributed to metabolic diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1846594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T05:40:16Z","timestamp":1784007616000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Burden of metabolic diseases in mainland China from 1990 to 2021: results from the global burden of disease study 2021"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mutian","family":"Niu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, China"]},{"name":"Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangxi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingjian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2024.155999","article-title":"Global burden of metabolic diseases, 1990-2021","volume":"160","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.02.003","article-title":"The global burden of metabolic disease: data from 2000 to 2019","volume":"35","author":"Chew","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e049133","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-049133","article-title":"Multimorbidity of non-communicable diseases in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Asogwa","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e265","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(23)00054-5","article-title":"Cardiometabolic multimorbidity, lifestyle behaviours, and cognitive function: a multicohort study","volume":"4","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00933-4","article-title":"GBD 2021 Risk Factors Collaborators. 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