{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T05:54:56Z","timestamp":1781762096531,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The rapid dissemination of complex health-related misinformation poses a critical threat to public health management and healthy lifestyles. To address this infodemic, our current research applied Signal Detection Theory to examine the joint impacts of age, prior stroke-related experience, and information prevalence on individuals' susceptibility to stroke-related misinformation on social media.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Experiment 1, participants from two diverse age groups evaluated stroke-related statements sourced from social media. Results indicated that no main age effect on the judgment criterion, nor did information prevalence significantly alter these criteria. Notably, a critical interaction emerged: younger adults with prior stroke-related experience (e.g., through family members) exhibited heightened misinformation susceptibility. They tended to adopt more liberal criteria, making them paradoxically more likely to accept misinformation as factual. Experiment 2 showed that providing immediate corrective feedback was associated with more conservative judgment criterion, particularly among those with prior stroke-related experience. Experiment 3 provided preliminary evidence that repeated exposure to corrective feedback was associated improved task-specific discriminability at a 1-week follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our research suggests that while information prevalence does not inherently dictate individuals' judgment, personal experience can unexpectedly increase vulnerability to online health misinformation. Overall, these findings suggest that corrective feedback may help calibrate judgment criterion in online health-information evaluation, although its causal and long-term effects require further testing with longer follow-up intervals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1850524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T05:30:50Z","timestamp":1781760650000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Age differences in susceptibility to stroke-related health misinformation on social media: the role of prior experience and corrective feedback"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hongkai","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan Fourth Hospital","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan","place":["Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanshu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan","place":["Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30461-X","article-title":"How to fight an infodemic","volume":"395","author":"Zarocostas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.16865","article-title":"Addressing health-related misinformation on social media","volume":"320","author":"Chou","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448211038762","article-title":"Health-related fake news on social media platforms: a systematic literature review","volume":"24","author":"Melchior","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Media Soc"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17187","DOI":"10.2196\/17187","article-title":"Prevalence of health misinformation on social media: systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Suarez-Lledo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-025-02536-y","volume":"41","year":"2026","journal-title":"GenAI and Misinformation in Education: A Systematic Scoping Review of Opportunities and Challenges"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683498","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1683498","article-title":"The generative illusion: how ChatGPT-like AI tools could reinforce misinformation and mistrust in public health communication","volume":"13","author":"Joseph","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2019-137201","article-title":"Strategies to combat medical misinformation on social media","volume":"96","author":"Trethewey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/435439a","article-title":"Rare items often missed in visual searches","volume":"435","author":"Wolfe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.11.066","article-title":"Varying target prevalence reveals two dissociable decision criteria in visual search","volume":"20","author":"Wolfe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-012-0354-4","article-title":"False feedback increases detection of low-prevalence targets in visual search","volume":"74","author":"Schwark","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atten Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3340","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-020-02045-8","article-title":"Exaggerated prevalence effect with the explicit prevalence information: the description-experience gap in visual search","volume":"82","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atten Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41235-022-00455-w","article-title":"Hip fracture or not? The reversed prevalence effect among non-experts' diagnosis","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cogn Res Princ Implic"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64366","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064366","article-title":"If you don't find it often, you often don't find it: why some cancers are missed in breast cancer screening","volume":"8","author":"Evans","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1167\/13.3.33","article-title":"Prevalence effects in newly trained airport checkpoint screeners: trained observers miss rare targets, too","volume":"13","author":"Wolfe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1108\/OIR-04-2023-0167","article-title":"Debiasing misinformation: how do people diagnose health recommendations from AI?","volume":"48","author":"Shin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Online Inf Rev"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2019.11.006","article-title":"Prediction of cause-specific disability-adjusted life years in China from 2018 through 2021: a systematic analysis","volume":"180","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02322-7","article-title":"Disability-adjusted life years associated with population ageing in China, 1990-2017","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2147\/vhrm.1.2.137.64085","article-title":"Knowledge of risk factors and warning signs of stroke","volume":"1","author":"Nicol","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vasc Health Risk Manag"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2010.00428.x","article-title":"Stroke education: discrepancies among factors influencing prehospital delay and stroke knowledge","volume":"5","author":"TeuschI","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43647","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043647","article-title":"Poor decision making is a consequence of cognitive decline among older persons without Alzheimer's disease or mild cognitive impairment","volume":"7","author":"Boyle PA Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1401.031","article-title":"The orbitofrontal cortex, real-world decision making, and normal aging","volume":"1121","author":"Denburg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.22.5.645","article-title":"Normal aging affects decisions under ambiguity, but not decisions under risk","volume":"22","author":"Zamarian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-04714-z","article-title":"Older adults and online health misinformation: a systematic literature review","author":"Hu","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMC Psychol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17143","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1309909110","article-title":"Like cognitive function, decision making across the life span shows profound age-related changes","volume":"110","author":"Tymula","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1037\/pag0000038","article-title":"Age differences in experiential and deliberative processes in unambiguous and ambiguous decision making","volume":"30","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s40473-016-0091-4","article-title":"Age-related changes in decision making","volume":"3","author":"Sparrow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Behav Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.05.017","article-title":"The age-related neural strategy alterations in decision making under risk","volume":"440","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11081043","article-title":"Neural activation in risky decision-making tasks in healthy older adults: a meta-analysis of fMRI data","volume":"11","author":"Tannou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030174","article-title":"Risk preferences and aging: the \u201ccertainty effect\u201d in older adults' decision making","volume":"27","author":"Mather","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1080\/13825585.2019.1642442","article-title":"Differential focus on probability and losses between young and older adults in risky decision-making","volume":"27","author":"O'Brien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Neuropsychol Cogn"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-022-02197-8","article-title":"Human ageing is associated with more rigid concept spaces","volume":"30","author":"Devine","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-200106000-00015","article-title":"Stroke awareness among Georgia adults: epidemiology and considerations regarding measurement","volume":"94","author":"Rowe","year":"2001","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1037\/mac0000074","article-title":"How susceptible are you? Using feedback and monitoring to reduce the influence of false information","volume":"12","author":"Salovich","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Appl Res Mem Cogn"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2026.2651115","article-title":"The cognitive and social dynamics of social correction of misinformation: a scoping review","author":"Vithanage","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24908","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-10707-6","article-title":"The joint effect of feedback order and reward schemes on prevalence-induced perceptual decisions","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-021-01956-3","article-title":"Feedback moderates the effect of prevalence on perceptual decisions","volume":"28","author":"Lyu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797614541991","article-title":"\u201cUtilizing\u201d signal detection theory","volume":"25","author":"Lynn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003177616","volume-title":"Engineering Psychology and Human Performance","author":"Wickens","year":"2021"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-023-00463-x","article-title":"China stroke surveillance report (2021)","volume":"10","author":"Tu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00470","article-title":"The psycho package: an efficient and publishing-oriented workflow for psychological science","volume":"3","author":"Makowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Open Source Softw"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S152173","article-title":"Patient knowledge on stroke risk factors, symptoms and treatment options","volume":"14","author":"Faiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vasc Health Risk Manag"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e247","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000098901.97350.7D","article-title":"How effective are \u201ccommunity\u201d stroke screening programs at improving stroke knowledge and prevention practices? Results of a 3-month follow-up study","volume":"34","author":"DeLemos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107643","article-title":"Spread of misinformation on social media: what contributes to it and how to combat it","volume":"141","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput Hum. Behav"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S276","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305908","article-title":"Who is susceptible to online health misinformation?","volume":"110","author":"Scherer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000209332.96513.82","article-title":"Knowledge about risk factors for stroke: a population-based survey with 28090 participants","volume":"37","author":"M\u00fcller-Nordhorn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1310\/RED5-V47T-8MJN-JY9H","article-title":"Development and validation of the stroke knowledge test","volume":"11","author":"Sullivan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Top Stroke Rehabil"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17446","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44682-7","article-title":"Translation and validation of the Chinese version of the stroke knowledge test for the hypertension patient","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s41060-022-00311-6","article-title":"The disaster of misinformation: a review of research in social media","volume":"13","author":"Muhammed T","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Data Sci Anal"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.17645\/mac.v9i1.3519","article-title":"You're definitely wrong, maybe: Correction style has minimal effect on corrections of misinformation online","volume":"9","author":"Martel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Media Commun"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1177\/1075547017731776","article-title":"Using expert sources to correct health misinformation in social media","volume":"39","author":"Vraga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Commun"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afp196","article-title":"Stroke knowledge and awareness: an integrative review of the evidence","volume":"39","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000083175.01126.62","article-title":"Advertising strategies to increase public knowledge of the warning signs of stroke","volume":"34","author":"Silver","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2010.02.016","article-title":"Individual differences in false memory from misinformation: personality characteristics and their interactions with cognitive abilities","volume":"48","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9737.003.0005","article-title":"Processing inaccurate information","volume-title":"Processing Inaccurate Information: Theoretical and Applied Perspectives from Cognitive Science and the Educational Sciences","author":"Ecker","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1850524\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T05:30:52Z","timestamp":1781760652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1850524\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1850524"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1850524","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"article-number":"1850524"}}