{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T05:02:07Z","timestamp":1784523727805,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The intersection of digitalization and population aging has positioned internet use and cognitive function among older adults as a salient public health concern. However, existing research has predominantly treated internet use as a binary variable, failing to adequately uncover the heterogeneous effects of usage behaviors. Moreover, the moderating role of living arrangement has received insufficient attention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study analyzed two-wave panel data from the China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey (CLASS) in 2018 and 2020, comprising 6,800 older adults aged 65 and above, yielding 13,600 person-wave observations. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), encompassing orientation, memory, and calculation. Internet use was operationalized as a four-dimensional construct, including internet adoption, use intensity, device operation proficiency, and function types. Two-way fixed effects models were employed to estimate the associations between multidimensional internet use and cognitive function, and to test the moderating role of living arrangement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Internet adoption exerted a protective effect on overall cognitive function. Among continuous users, use intensity and instrumental us promoted cognitive improvement, whereas device operation proficiency was negatively associated with cognitive function. These effects exhibited significant heterogeneity across cognitive subdomains, including orientation, memory, and calculation. Living arrangement moderated the association only at the level of internet adoption; specifically, co-residence with children attenuated the protective effect of internet adoption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Internet use exerts multidimensional and heterogeneous effects on cognitive function among older adults, moderated by living arrangement. These findings provide theoretical guidance for stratified digital intervention design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1851159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T04:21:11Z","timestamp":1784521271000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond access: how heterogeneity of internet use differentially shapes cognitive function among Chinese older adults"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rongrong","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Development, Tianjin University of Technology","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Hubei Innovation Research Center of Rural Social Management, Hubei University of Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Development, Tianjin University of Technology","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71712","DOI":"10.2196\/71712","article-title":"Associations between social media use and anxiety and depression among older adults: cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"JMIR Aging"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"igaf122.4358","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igaf122.4358","article-title":"Rethinking eldercare in a digital age: internet use and shifting attitudes in China","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Innov Aging"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e102020","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2024-102020","article-title":"The China Alzheimer report 2025","volume":"38","author":"Zhi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gen Psychiatr"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0377","DOI":"10.34133\/hds.0377","article-title":"Projected prevalence and economic burden of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias in China: regional disparities and policy implications","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Data Sci"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5853","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5853","article-title":"Effectiveness of online-based cognitive intervention in community-dwelling older adults with cognitive dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Chae","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"24","volume-title":"Impacts of Digital Technologies on the Cognitive Performance of Older Adults: A Systematic Literature Review Proceedings","author":"Cruvinel","year":""},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-020-09434-8","article-title":"Cognition-oriented treatments for older adults: a systematic overview of systematic reviews","volume":"30","author":"Gavelin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s44184-025-00162-6","article-title":"Associations between internet use, social participation, and cognitive function among middle-aged and older adults","volume":"4","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Mental Health Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610219000668","article-title":"Maintaining cognitive function with internet use: a two-country, six-year longitudinal study","volume":"31","author":"Berner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546929","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1546929","article-title":"A study on the relationship between internet use and cognitive functioning of older adults under the perspective of smart aging","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106904","article-title":"Can internet use reduce the incidence of cognitive impairment? Analysis of the EpiFloripa aging cohort study (2009\u20132019)","volume":"154","author":"Quialheiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e57301","DOI":"10.2196\/57301","article-title":"Relationship between internet use and cognitive function among middle-aged and older Chinese adults: 5-year longitudinal study","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1177\/07334648231216383","article-title":"Mobile internet use and life satisfaction among older adults: the moderating effect of living alone","volume":"43","author":"Cho","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Appl Gerontol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116426","article-title":"Efficacy of digital therapeutic applications for cognitive training among older adults with mild cognitive impairment or dementia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"348","author":"Jeong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-025-06846-0","article-title":"The impact of internet usage on cognitive impairment among Chinese older people: a social participation perspective","volume":"26","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579874","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1579874","article-title":"Internet use, physical activity, and cognitive function in Chinese older adults: a cross-lagged panel analysis","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492331","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1492331","article-title":"Multidimensional internet use related to cognitive performance in older persons: a nationwide cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03473-x","article-title":"Association between living arrangements and cognitive decline in older adults: a nationally representative longitudinal study in China","volume":"22","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585851","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1585851","article-title":"Examining older adults\u2019 vulnerability to online health scams: insights from routine activity theory","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.18394","article-title":"Internet usage and the prospective risk of dementia: a population-based cohort study","volume":"71","author":"Cho","year":"2023","journal-title":"J American Geriatrics Society"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e157","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X20000126","article-title":"Implications for technological reserve development in advancing age, cognitive impairment, and dementia","volume":"43","author":"Benge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-025-02159-9","article-title":"A meta-analysis of technology use and cognitive aging","volume":"9","author":"Benge","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149872","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1149872","article-title":"Internet use and depressive symptoms among Chinese older adults: two sides of internet use","volume":"11","author":"Mu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20552076251343989","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076251343989","article-title":"From screens to cognition: a scoping review of the impact of screen time on cognitive function in midlife and older adults","volume":"11","author":"Shaleha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027516680854","article-title":"A longitudinal analysis of the association between living arrangements and health among older adults in China","volume":"40","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res Aging"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395181","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1395181","article-title":"Impact of living arrangements and internet use on the mental health of Chinese older adults","volume":"12","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101751","article-title":"Technology for sustainable living: the impact of digital inclusion on the health of China\u2019s elderly living alone","volume":"29","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e909","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.13493","article-title":"Does internet access make a difference for older adults\u2019 cognition in urban China? The moderating role of living arrangements","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Social Care Comm"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnaa073","article-title":"The role of polygenic score and cognitive activity in cognitive functioning among older adults","volume":"61","author":"Shin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1093\/workar\/waac026","article-title":"Internet-enabled Behaviors in older adults during the pandemic: patterns of use, psychosocial impacts, and plans for continued utilization","volume":"10","author":"Benge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Work Aging Retire"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1679931","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1679931","article-title":"How internet use relates to mental health in older adults: findings from the Czech Republic and the Republic of Slovenia","volume":"13","author":"Klun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673368","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.673368","article-title":"Does the internet use improve the mental health of Chinese older adults?","volume":"9","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5174","article-title":"Are loneliness and social isolation associated with cognitive decline?","volume":"34","author":"Lara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8969","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14192","article-title":"Technology that CARES: enhancing dementia care through everyday technologies","volume":"20","author":"Kiselica","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17551","article-title":"Using smartphone technology to improve prospective memory functioning: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"70","author":"Scullin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X21000386","article-title":"The role of social communication technologies in cognition and affect in older adults","volume":"43","author":"Resor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Soc"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999498","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.999498","article-title":"Does internet use promote mental health among middle-aged and older adults in China?","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbr.2025.100598","article-title":"Longitudinal associations of internet use with cognitive and social resources among older adults","volume":"17","author":"Toh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav Rep"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25760","DOI":"10.2196\/25760","article-title":"Impact of internet use on cognitive decline in middle-aged and older adults in China: longitudinal observational study","volume":"24","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-17980-6","article-title":"Risks and protection: a qualitative study on the factors for internet addiction among elderly residents in Southwest China communities","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424465","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1424465","article-title":"The relationship between social frailty and cognitive impairment among older adults: the role of various types of internet use","volume":"12","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.116988","article-title":"Older adults\u2019 online activities and cognition: investigating the psychological mechanisms and age and gender differences","volume":"352","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1080\/02701960.2025.2551963","article-title":"Connecting generations: an integrative review of intergenerational technology programs and older adults\u2019 technology use","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gerontol Geriatr Educ"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4374","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-023-04555-8","article-title":"Smart senior care cognition and health among Chinese elderly: a moderated mediation model featuring parent-child relationship and internet use","volume":"43","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.telpol.2018.07.004","article-title":"Obtaining indirect internet access: an examination how reasons for internet non-use relate to proxy internet use","volume":"43","author":"Gro\u0161elj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Telecommun Policy"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-025-03546-5","article-title":"Life satisfaction and internet use in later life in Italy: the role of online activities and living arrangements","volume":"177","author":"Furlan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150412","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2947765","article-title":"Improving the measurement of older adults\u2019 mobile device proficiency: results and implications from a study of older adult smartphone users","volume":"7","author":"Petrovcic","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-025-13427-9","article-title":"The impact of digital literacy on older adults\u2019 utilization of community-based home care services: a cross-sectional study","volume":"25","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6656355","DOI":"10.1155\/jare\/6656355","article-title":"Bridging the older adult digital divide through the digital habitus","volume":"2026","author":"Yue","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Aging Res"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-23411-x","article-title":"The promotion mechanism of physical and mental health of the elderly in China: the impact of the digital divide and social capital","volume":"25","author":"Xiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3233\/ADR-230137","article-title":"Effect of internet use on cognitive function of middle-aged and elderly adults in China: evidence from China family panel studies","volume":"8","author":"Xia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Reports"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"t0127","article-title":"Average Causal Response with Variable Treatment Intensity","volume-title":"NBER Working Paper","author":"Angrist","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610220000447","article-title":"Predictors of attrition in a longitudinal population-based study of aging","volume":"33","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e519","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010022","article-title":"Twenty-seven-year time trends in dementia incidence in Europe and the United States: the Alzheimer cohorts consortium","volume":"95","author":"Wolters","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2010.11.007","article-title":"Elderly online: effects of a digital inclusion program in cognitive performance","volume":"53","author":"Ordonez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1177\/13591053251371788","article-title":"The impact of internet use on cognitive function in older adults: based on the cognitive reserve hypothesis","volume":"31","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458413","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1458413","article-title":"Relationship between internet use and offline leisure activities among Chinese older adult people: a moderated mediation model","volume":"12","author":"Xiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643510","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1643510","article-title":"The double-edged sword of internet use in China\u2019s aging population: thresholds, mediation and digital health policy","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20617","article-title":"The \u201conline brain\u201d: how the internet may be changing our cognition","volume":"18","author":"Firth","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e79731","DOI":"10.2196\/79731","article-title":"The double-edged sword of digital engagement\u2014how digital access and internet use reshape sleep schedules and underlying mechanisms in older adults: longitudinal observational study","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"JMIR Aging"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s44184-024-00108-4","article-title":"Exploring digital use, happiness, and loneliness in Japan with the experience sampling method","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Mental Health Res"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.07.002","article-title":"Cognitive offloading","volume":"20","author":"Risko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1080\/13825585.2022.2094878","article-title":"Not all mentally stimulating activities are alike: insights from a 4-factor model and implications for late-life cognition","volume":"30","author":"Vujic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Neuropsychol Cognit"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70222","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.70222","article-title":"The effects of digital device use on psychological health and cognitive functions in Chinese older adults","volume":"41","author":"Shao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e77227","DOI":"10.2196\/77227","article-title":"Technology activities and cognitive trajectories among community-dwelling older adults: National Health and aging trends study","volume":"8","author":"Hsu","year":"2025","journal-title":"JMIR Aging"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e83955","DOI":"10.2196\/83955","article-title":"Digital engagement and cognitive function among older adults in China: cross-sectional questionnaire study and moderated mediation model analysis","volume":"28","author":"Du","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnab149","article-title":"Internet use and cognitive functioning in later life: focus on asymmetric effects and contextual factors","volume":"62","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2017.1371785","article-title":"Age for learning, age for teaching: the role of inter-generational, intra-household learning in internet use by older adults in Latin America","volume":"22","author":"Barrantes C\u00e1ceres","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inf Commun Soc"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1851159\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T04:21:13Z","timestamp":1784521273000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1851159\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1851159"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1851159","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"article-number":"1851159"}}