{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T06:04:40Z","timestamp":1780639480040,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a significant public health problem for individuals engaged in tasks involving repetitive upper limb movements and extended computer use, including those working in the social security sector. The International Labor Organization (ILO) has listed musculoskeletal disorders as an occupational disease that requires preventive measures in workplaces. However, there is limited information in the context of Tanzania. Therefore, this study aimed to address this knowledge gap, focusing on the magnitude and risk factors of MSDs among social security workers in Dar es Salaam.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to assess the work-related musculoskeletal disorders and the contributing risk factors among social security workers in Dar es Salaam.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study used a cross-sectional design and included a sample of 300 employed social security workers working at NSSF offices in the Dar es Salaam region. The study included all NSSF workplaces in Dar es Salaam, and eligible participants were selected using probability proportional to size. Data were collected using a structured Nordic questionnaire to determine the prevalence and factors contributing to MSDs. In contrast, a checklist was used to identify preventive measures and factors contributing to MSDs. A modified Poisson model of analysis was used to analyse the factors contributing to MSDs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The overall prevalence of MSDs reported by participants in the previous 12\u202fmonths was 77.7%. The significant risk factors for MSDs included lower education levels (aRR: 1.71; 95% CI: 1.140\u20132.564,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f\u2264\u202f0.010), job categories (aRR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.452\u20130.939,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.022) in administrative sectors and (aRR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0. 0.486\u20130.952,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.025) compliance sectors, level of activity (aRR: 0.337; 95% CI: 0.200\u20130.571,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001), repetitive tasks (aRR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.197\u20131.912,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.001), awkward posture (aRR: 0.634; 95% CI: 0.502\u20130.801,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.010), and lack of ergonomic training (aRR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.108\u20131.918,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.007). Furthermore, more than three-quarters of social security workers used chairs with adjustable height and back support and had working surfaces with adequate space. However, less than half of these workers had not received the ergonomic training.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and recommendations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of this study reveal a high prevalence of MSDs among social security workers in Dar es Salaam. These findings serve as a crucial alert for employers and employees to develop and review existing ergonomic interventions. It is also recommended that the government strengthen and regularly conduct ergonomic training, inspections, and enforcement in all workplaces.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1852675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:39:57Z","timestamp":1780637997000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Work-related musculoskeletal disorders and contributing factors among social security workers in Dar es Salaam: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Simon","family":"Lwaho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Training, Research, Statistics and Promotion, Occupational Safety and Health Authority","place":["Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"]},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","place":["Dar es 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Community Medicine and Environmental Occupational Health, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences","place":["Mwanza, Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luco","family":"Mwelange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","place":["Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Israel","family":"Nyarubeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","place":["Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-09834-0_37","volume-title":"Handbook of 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