{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T04:59:01Z","timestamp":1780894741506,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Economic downturns before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have been accompanied by adverse psychosocial outcomes. In Thailand, evidence on how individual-level socioeconomic position (SEP) relates to key psychosocial issues remains limited, and a standardized, simple SEP index is unavailable. We examined the associations between an individual SEP index and adverse psychosocial outcomes among working-aged adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We recruited working-age adults aged 18\u201360\u202fyears using an online public mental health survey conducted in Thailand. The individual SEP index is based on a composite of educational level, personal income, occupational position, and housing overcrowding. The SEP index was classified as very low, low, moderate, and high. Psychosocial issues, including perceived stress, psychological resilience, and wellbeing, were measured using validated instruments. Associations between the SEP index and psychosocial outcomes were analyzed using weighted multivariable Tobit and ordinal logistic hierarchical regression models to account for potential confounders and the ordinal nature of the outcome variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Based on 1,992 participants, the sex- and age-adjusted prevalence estimates were 9.8% for the very low, 31.6% for the low, 48.0% for the moderate, and 10.6% for the high SEP index groups, weighted by the national population and Internet use rate. We found a significant association between the SEP index category, particularly among those in the very low group, and the degrees of higher perceived stress (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      coefficients ranged from 1.96 to 2.94), lower resilience coping (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      coefficients ranged from \u22120.74 to \u22121.64), and wellbeing scores (\u03b2 coefficients ranged from \u22125.40 to \u221211.52). Individuals with a lower SEP index category revealed a significantly higher risk of moderate\/high perceived stress [common odds ratio (OR), 3.02; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.45\u20136.33;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.003], low resilient copers (common OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.23\u20130.86;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.016), and very poor wellbeing (common OR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.16\u20130.58;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001) compared with the high SEP index group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A simple individual-level SEP index was associated with perceived stress, psychological resilience, and wellbeing among working-age adults in Thailand during the early COVID-19 period. This index may help identify socioeconomically vulnerable groups for targeted mental health interventions; however, external validation is required before routine use in surveillance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1855202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T04:23:52Z","timestamp":1780892632000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Individual socioeconomic position among the general population and economic downturns-related perceived stress, psychological resilience, and wellbeing in Thailand"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ratanaporn","family":"Awiphan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University","place":["Chiang Mai, Thailand"]},{"name":"Pharmacoepidemiology and Statistics Research Center (PESRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University","place":["Chiang Mai, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chidchanok","family":"Ruengorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University","place":["Chiang Mai, Thailand"]},{"name":"Pharmacoepidemiology and Statistics Research Center (PESRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University","place":["Chiang Mai, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chabaphai","family":"Phosuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University","place":["Chiang Mai, Thailand"]},{"name":"Pharmacoepidemiology and Statistics Research Center (PESRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University","place":["Chiang Mai, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiatkriangkrai","family":"Koyratkoson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University","place":["Chiang Mai, Thailand"]},{"name":"Pharmacoepidemiology and Statistics Research Center (PESRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University","place":["Chiang Mai, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penkarn","family":"Kanjanarat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University","place":["Chiang Mai, Thailand"]},{"name":"Pharmacoepidemiology and Statistics Research Center (PESRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University","place":["Chiang Mai, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kednapa","family":"Thavorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacoepidemiology and Statistics Research Center (PESRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University","place":["Chiang Mai, Thailand"]},{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa Hospital","place":["Ottawa, ON, Canada"]},{"name":"Institute of Clinical and Evaluative Sciences, ICES uOttawa","place":["Ottawa, ON, Canada"]},{"name":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa","place":["Ottawa, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nahathai","family":"Wongpakaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacoepidemiology and Statistics Research Center (PESRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University","place":["Chiang Mai, Thailand"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University","place":["Chiang Mai, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tinakon","family":"Wongpakaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacoepidemiology and Statistics Research Center (PESRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University","place":["Chiang Mai, Thailand"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University","place":["Chiang Mai, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surapon","family":"Nochaiwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University","place":["Chiang Mai, Thailand"]},{"name":"Pharmacoepidemiology and Statistics Research Center (PESRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University","place":["Chiang Mai, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e181","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2022.587","article-title":"Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and previous pandemics, epidemics and economic crises on mental health: systematic 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