{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T06:06:49Z","timestamp":1784786809064,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic amplified social injustices through institutional system disruption among marginalized communities in Canada. This study fills an important literature gap by providing the first holistic systematic review with a theoretically grounded framework to anticipate and mitigate social injustices in future public health crises.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using PRISMA 2020 framework and the databases of Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f58, 2020\u20132023), the study analyzed the pandemic-induced inequities through the PEO framework.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Discrimination was identified as the most pervasive social injustice during the pandemic. Immigrants, Refugees, and Women were identified as the most vulnerable group impacted with various forms of social injustices due to the intersection between different social identities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The novel PISIIM framework was developed to equip policy makers, social workers, and other stakeholders in anticipating and mitigating injustices in future public health crises.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:uri>https:\/\/www.prisma-statement.org\/prisma-2020-flow-diagram<\/jats:uri>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1856009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T05:40:38Z","timestamp":1784785238000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Injustice unmasked: a systematic review of social justice struggles during the COVID pandemic in Canada"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Charles","family":"Mensah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, Algoma University","place":["Brampton, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Bodunrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business and Economics, Algoma University","place":["Brampton, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1177\/002234336900600301","article-title":"Violence, peace, and peace research","volume":"6","author":"Galtung","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Peace Res"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e449","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030449","article-title":"Structural violence and clinical medicine","volume":"3","author":"Farmer","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Disposable Qualifications, Disposable lives: Examining the Labour market Experiences of Foreign-Educated Racialized Immigrant Women","author":"Chinchamie","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref4","author":"Lehrer","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1093\/sp\/jxae024","article-title":"Navigating cumulative disadvantages of migration, care, and employment regimes: dependent immigrants in Canada","volume":"32","author":"Tanaka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soc Polit"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"Pidemiology and the People's Health: Theory and Context","author":"Krieger","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/cars.12336","article-title":"Studying the social determinants of COVID-19 in a data vacuum","volume":"58","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can Rev Sociol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1177\/08912432211001287","article-title":"Covid-19 and the gender gap in employment among parents of young children in Canada","volume":"35","author":"Fuller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gend Soc"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106333","article-title":"A portrait of the early and differential mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada: findings from the first wave of a nationally representative cross-sectional survey","volume":"145","author":"Jenkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22071054","article-title":"Unveiling the impact: a scoping review of the COVID-19 pandemic\u2019s effects on racialized populations in Canada","volume":"22","author":"Komeiha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"How to Do a Systematic Literature Review in Nursing: A Step-by-Step Guide","author":"Bettany-Saltikov","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref13","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-5581-3-1","article-title":"Scopus database: a review","volume":"3","author":"Burnham","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomed Digit Libr"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-015-1765-5","article-title":"The journal coverage of web of science and Scopus: a comparative analysis","volume":"106","author":"Mongeon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428114562629","article-title":"Bibliometric methods in management and organization","volume":"18","author":"Zupic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Organ Res Methods"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-9492LSF","article-title":"Comparison of PubMed, Scopus, web of science, and Google scholar: strengths and weaknesses","volume":"22","author":"Falagas","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"baq036","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/baq036","article-title":"PubMed and beyond: a survey of web tools for searching biomedical literature","volume":"2011","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Database (Oxford)"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa2011686","article-title":"Hospitalization and mortality among Black patients and white patients with COVID-19","volume":"382","author":"Price-Haywood","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref20","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (Version 6.3)","author":"Higgins","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref21","volume-title":"Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT), Version 2018","author":"Hong","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-8-45","article-title":"Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews","volume":"8","author":"Thomas","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1177\/0020731420981857","article-title":"Toward an intersectional approach to health justice","volume":"51","author":"Borras","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Health Serv"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s42650-021-00050-2","article-title":"Strengthening the collection and use of disaggregated data to understand and monitor the risk and burden of COVID-19 among racialized populations","volume":"48","author":"Etowa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can Stud Popul"},{"key":"ref25","volume-title":"Social Justice and Public Health","author":"Levy","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429500480-5","article-title":"Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics","author":"Crenshaw","year":"1989","journal-title":"Univ Chic Leg Forum"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s40656-020-00346-7","article-title":"Identity, politics, and the pandemic: why is COVID-19 a disaster for feminism","volume":"42","author":"Berkhout","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hist Philos Life Sci"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.14324\/LRE.20.1.14","article-title":"Considering the role of social media: #BlackLivesMatter as a pedagogical intervention to decolonise curriculum","volume":"20","author":"Pillay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lond Rev Educ"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1108\/GM-07-2020-0207","article-title":"(In)visibility in the margins: COVID-19, women entrepreneurs and the need for inclusive recovery","volume":"35","author":"Grandy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gend Manag"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29173\/cjnser.2020v11n2a397","article-title":"Community economic development\u2014a viable solution for COVID recovery","volume":"11","author":"Marks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Nonprofit Soc Econ Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2022.2160016","article-title":"Living in a liminal space: experiences of 2SLGBTQ + official language minority Canadians during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"25","author":"Prada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E716","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.200834","article-title":"COVID-19 and people experiencing homelessness: challenges and mitigation strategies","volume":"192","author":"Perri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-022-06025-z","article-title":"A first voice perspective of people experiencing homelessness on preferences for the end-of-life and end-of-life care during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"15","author":"Vihvelin","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"rm33","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.21-05-0134","article-title":"Literature reviews, theoretical frameworks, and conceptual frameworks: an introduction for new biology education researchers","volume":"21","author":"Luft","year":"2022","journal-title":"CBE Life Sci Educ"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.2307\/1229039","article-title":"Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of colour","volume":"43","author":"Crenshaw","year":"1991","journal-title":"Stanford Law Rev"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X","article-title":"Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions","volume":"389","author":"Bailey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref37","volume-title":"Critical Race Theory: An Introduction","author":"Delgado","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674028845","volume-title":"The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design","author":"Bronfenbrenner","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33790\/jphip1100170","article-title":"Ecological systems theory: exploring the development of the theoretical framework as conceived by Bronfenbrenner","volume":"4","author":"Crawford","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Public Health Issues Pract"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674061200","volume-title":"Creating Capabilities:The Human Development Approach","author":"Nussbaum","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687570","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.687570","article-title":"Family life in lockdown","volume":"12","author":"Biroli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/fare.13105","article-title":"Parent and adolescent perspectives on family problems during the COVID-19 pandemic: implications for family resilience","volume":"74","author":"Allen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fam Relat"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24361","DOI":"10.2196\/24361","article-title":"The hidden pandemic of family violence during COVID-19: unsupervised learning of tweets","volume":"22","author":"Xue","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci15091113","article-title":"Parenting and coping during a crisis: a qualitative cross-cultural study two years after COVID-19","author":"Karabanov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Educ Sci"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448812","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1448812","article-title":"Disproportionate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on socially vulnerable communities: the case of Jane and Finch in Toronto, Ontario","volume":"13","author":"Movahedi Nia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021580","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Black communities in Canada","volume":"20","author":"Kemei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume-title":"Statistics","author":"Garneau","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X211055123","article-title":"COVID-19 and family distancing efforts: contextual demographic and family conflict correlates","volume":"44","author":"Jeon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Fam Issues"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119950","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1119950","article-title":"Families with young children during the COVID-19 pandemic\u2014the importance of family type, perceived partnership roles, parental stress, and social support for changes in the home learning environment during lockdown","volume":"14","author":"Prokupek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2992","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721005018","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on depression in community-dwelling older adults: a prospective cohort study","volume":"53","author":"Oh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref51","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380241277788","article-title":"Understanding the dynamics of domestic violence during the first year of the pandemic: an integrative review","volume":"26","author":"Cunha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.26522\/ssj.v16i1.2691","article-title":"A COVID-19 state of exception and the bordering of Canada\u2019s immigration system:assessing the uneven impacts on refugees, asylum seekers and migrant workers","volume":"16","author":"Alrob","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stud Soc Justice"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxac105","article-title":"Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on families of children with developmental disabilities: a community-based formative study","volume":"27","author":"Filler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"ref55","volume-title":"First Peoples, second class Treatment: The role of Racism in the Health and well-Being of Indigenous Peoples in Canada","author":"Allan","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30177-6","article-title":"Challenges in health equity for indigenous peoples in Canada","volume":"391","author":"Greenwood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1089\/heq.2019.0041","article-title":"Social determinants of health inequities in indigenous Canadians through a life course approach to colonialism and the residential school system","volume":"3","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Equity"},{"key":"ref58","volume-title":"Social Inequalities in COVID-19 Mortality by area- and Individual-level Characteristics in Canada, January 2020 to December 2020\/March 2021","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.14274","article-title":"\u201cThere's a little bit of mistrust\u201d: Red River M\u00e9tis experiences of the H1N1 and COVID-19 pandemics","volume":"44","author":"Driedger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Risk Anal"},{"key":"ref60","volume-title":"Best and Promising Practices in Promoting Vaccine Uptake and Confidence among First Nations, Inuit, and M\u00e9tis Populations","author":"King","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref61","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref62","volume-title":"Intersectionality","author":"Collins","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref63","article-title":"Experience(s) of discrimination, reason(s) and context(s) of discrimination, 5 years before and since the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic, by groups designated as visible minorities and selected sociodemographic characteristics","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-020-02920-3","article-title":"Research with Marginalized Communities: Challenges to Continuity During the COVID-19","author":"Sevelius","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS and Behavior."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18063028","article-title":"Conversations in Times of Isolation: Exploring Rural-Dwelling Older Adults\u2019 Experiences of Isolation and Loneliness during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Manitoba, Canada","author":"Herron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18030947","article-title":"Refugees in Canada during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic","author":"Edmonds","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18105266","article-title":"Access to Refugee and Migrant Mental Health Care Services during the First Six Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Canadian Refugee Clinician Survey","author":"Benjamen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1163\/25902539-03020004","article-title":"Combating Anti-Asian Racism and Xenophobia in Canada: Toward Pandemic Anti-Racism Education in Post-covid-19","author":"Guo","year":""},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2021.101161","article-title":"Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on health, financial worries, and perceived organizational support among people living with disabilities in Canada","volume":"14","author":"Gignac","year":"2021","journal-title":"Disabil. Health J."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40794-021-00138-2","article-title":"Racial equity in the fight against COVID-19: a qualitative study examining the importance of collecting race-based data in the Canadian context","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Dis. Travel Med. Vaccines."},{"key":"ref71","volume-title":"Development as Freedom","author":"Sen","year":"1999"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1856009\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T05:40:42Z","timestamp":1784785242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1856009\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1856009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1856009","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"article-number":"1856009"}}