{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T05:25:24Z","timestamp":1787117124448,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study characterized depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in a convenience sample of Ukrainian displaced persons approximately 2 years after the full-scale invasion and explored associations with selected settlement-related indicators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross-sectional online survey was conducted between February and August 2024 among displaced Ukrainian adults (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f241 with complete DASS-21 data), who completed the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales-21 in Ukrainian, Russian, or English. Mean subscale scores were contextualized using published general-population reference values from the United Kingdom, Portugal, Poland, and Italy, and exploratory associations with housing stability, employment status, and host-country language proficiency were examined.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mean depression, anxiety, and stress scores fell within the mild to moderate range and were generally higher than available European reference values, although these benchmark comparisons should be interpreted cautiously because the reference samples differed in timing, sampling frame, country context, and gender composition. A supplementary sex-composition sensitivity analysis using Polish female reference values suggested that the depression comparison was robust, whereas anxiety was attenuated and stress was modest. Within-sample analyses showed no meaningful association between distress and either language proficiency or employment status. Housing stability showed a tentative association with anxiety, driven primarily by lower anxiety among participants reporting long-term rather than medium-term housing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest continuing psychological distress among Ukrainian displaced persons in this convenience sample, while underscoring the need for longitudinal, representative research that directly measures trauma exposure, uncertainty, and structural settlement conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1858781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T04:41:11Z","timestamp":1787114471000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Psychological distress among Ukrainian displaced persons 2 years after the full-scale invasion: a contextual benchmark comparison"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ekta","family":"Sidhar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston","place":["Birmingham, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Phillimore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Policy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston","place":["Birmingham, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine","family":"Ingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston","place":["Birmingham, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Andrushchakevych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston","place":["Birmingham, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather D.","family":"Flowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston","place":["Birmingham, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3602","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28729-3","article-title":"Depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress during the 2022 Russo-Ukrainian war, a comparison between populations in Poland, Ukraine, and Taiwan","volume":"13","author":"Chudzicka-Czupa\u0142a","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)61027-6","article-title":"Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic 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