{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:07:25Z","timestamp":1789103245050,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Substance use problems (SUP) have significant adverse consequences not only for individuals with such problems, but also for their loved ones. One important concern is exposure to violence among affected family members. This study investigates whether close family members, specifically partners or parents, of individuals with SUP, including alcohol, face increased risks of physical and sexual violence and emotional abuse within the last 5 years. We also examined a hypothesized mediation model linking SUP exposure, violence, and quality of life (QoL).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data from 17,640 adults aged 23 years and above who participated in the Norwegian Counties Public Health Survey 2023. Multivariable logistic regressions were performed, controlling for age and socioeconomic status, and stratified by gender. Latent regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between SUP exposure and QoL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gender-specific analyses revealed that partners or parents of individuals with SUP had significantly higher odds of experiencing physical violence (women OR 4.54; men OR 4.14), sexual violence (women OR 4.31; men OR 4.80), and emotional abuse (OR 2.96 across genders). These family members also reported lower QoL. The association between family member status and lower QoL was statistically accounted for by experiences of violence. Information on the perpetrator was not available, and the source of reported violence could therefore not be determined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Close family members such as partners or parents of individuals with SUP face substantial risks of violence and emotional harm and report lower QoL. Support services should offer gender-sensitive, tailored assistance that addresses family members' needs as individuals, not solely as caregivers. These findings highlight the importance of recognizing affected family members as a vulnerable population within public health initiatives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1863383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T04:34:06Z","timestamp":1789101246000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Violence exposure and quality of life among partners and parents of individuals with substance use problems"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bente","family":"Birkeland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosocial Health, University of Agder","place":["Grimstad, Norway"]},{"name":"S\u00f8rlandet Hospital, Children's Best Interest (Barns Beste)","place":["Kristiansand, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John-K\u00e5re","family":"Vederhus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosocial Health, University of Agder","place":["Grimstad, Norway"]},{"name":"Addiction Unit, Sorlandet Hospital","place":["Kristiansand, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Schanche","family":"Selbekk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Stavanger","place":["Stavanger, Norway"]},{"name":"Center for Alcohol and Drug Research (KORFOR), Stavanger University Hospital","place":["Stavanger, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Marie","family":"Laslett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University","place":["Melbourne, VIC, Australia"]},{"name":"Care Economy Research Institute, La Trobe University","place":["Melbourne, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid Mary","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute of Technology","place":["Singapore, Singapore"]},{"name":"Judith Lumley Center, La Trobe University","place":["Melbourne, VIC, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siri H\u00e5v\u00e5s","family":"Haugland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosocial Health, University of Agder","place":["Grimstad, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health and Treatment of Substance Use Disorders.","year":"2024"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16205","article-title":"Alcohol's harm to others in 2021: who bears the burden?","volume":"118","author":"Laslett","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2341522","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2024.2341522","article-title":"A global review of the impact on women from men's alcohol drinking: the need for responding with a gendered lens","volume":"17","author":"Wilson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glob Health Action."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.7895\/ijadr.523","article-title":"Harms to children from men's heavy drinking: a scoping review","volume":"12","author":"Hopkins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Alcohol Drug Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1007\/s40653-024-00651-4","article-title":"Parental alcohol intoxication, adverse childhood experiences, and negative psychological reactions to childhood adversities: cross-sectional and prospective data from the population-based HUNT study","volume":"17","author":"Haugland","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Trauma."},{"key":"B6","article-title":"Rusmiddellidelser i Norge [Substance use disorders in Norway]","author":"Bramness","year":"2022"},{"key":"B7","article-title":"World Drug Report 2023","year":"2023"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1515\/nsad-2016-0042","article-title":"Challenges in estimating population impacts of alcohol's harm to others","volume":"33","author":"Rossow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nord Stud Alcohol Drugs."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2018.1540632","article-title":"Harms from a partner's drinking: an international study on adverse effects and reduced quality of life for women","volume":"45","author":"Callinan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse."},{"key":"B10","article-title":"N\u00e6re p\u00e5r\u00f8rende av alkoholmisbrukere","author":"Rossow","year":"2009"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.11.036","article-title":"Addiction in the family is a major but neglected contributor to the global burden of adult ill-health","volume":"78","author":"Orford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2250961\/v1","article-title":"Few interventions support the affected other on their own: a systematic review of individual level psychosocial interventions to support those harmed by others' alcohol use","author":"Shorter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addict."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1177\/0091450918773097","article-title":"\u201cA problem like this is not owned by an individual\u201d affected family members negotiating positions in alcohol and other drug treatment","volume":"45","author":"Selbekk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contemp Drug Probl."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"SART","DOI":"10.4137\/SART.S23505","article-title":"Trends in alcohol's harms to others (AHTO) and co-occurrence of family-related AHTO: the four US national alcohol surveys, 2000\u20132015","volume":"9","author":"Greenfield","year":"2015","journal-title":"Subst. Abuse Res. Treat"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03445.x","article-title":"Surveying the range and magnitude of alcohol's harm to others in Australia","volume":"106","author":"Laslett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108439","article-title":"Mental and physical health in family members of substance users: a scoping review","volume":"219","author":"Di Sarno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-018-1042-4","article-title":"The quality of life when a partner has substance use problems: a scoping review","volume":"16","author":"Birkeland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes."},{"key":"B18","volume-title":"Kunnskapsoppsummering om situasjon og hjelp til barn og partnere av personer med rusproblemer [Knowledge summary on the situation and help for children and partners of people with substance abuse problems].","author":"Selbekk","year":"2019"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2011.tb03261.x","article-title":"The impacts of others' drinking on mental health","volume":"195","author":"Ferris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med J Aust."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-04927-1","article-title":"Challenges in addiction-affected families: a systematic review of qualitative studies","volume":"23","author":"Mardani","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/09687637.2021.1943316","article-title":"An unknown invisible intrusion. Impact of an adult family member's problematic substance use on family life: a meta-ethnography","volume":"29","author":"Lindeman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drugs Educ Prev Policy"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-019-02169-x","article-title":"How do psychological characteristics of family members affected by substance use influence quality of life?","volume":"28","author":"Vederhus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838015589253","article-title":"Association between substance use and the perpetration of family violence in industrialized countries: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Choenni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.05.001","article-title":"Alcohol and intimate partner violence: a meta-analytic review","volume":"28","author":"Foran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev."},{"key":"B25","volume-title":"The Hidden Harm: Alcohol's Impact on Children and Families","author":"Laslett","year":"2015"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1374-3","article-title":"Affected family members' experience of, and coping with, aggression and violence within the context of problematic substance use: a qualitative study","volume":"17","author":"McCann","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/0778-7367-70-11","article-title":"Experiences of parents of substance-abusing young people attending support groups","volume":"70","author":"Hoeck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Public Health."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.5172\/conu.2006.23.2.321","article-title":"Fractured families: parental perspectives of the effects of adolescent drug abuse on family life","volume":"23","author":"Jackson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Contemp Nurse."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1177\/1455072519883464","article-title":"Parents' experiences of abuse by their adult children with drug problems","volume":"37","author":"Svensson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nord Stud Alcohol Drugs."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260510370596","article-title":"Alcohol may not cause partner violence but it seems to make it worse: a cross national comparison of the relationship between alcohol and severity of partner violence","volume":"26","author":"Graham","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1080\/105504901750227787","article-title":"The role of alcohol use in intimate partner femicide","volume":"10","author":"Sharps","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Addict."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838018781101","article-title":"Risk factors for male perpetration and female victimization of intimate partner homicide: a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Spencer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4103\/amh.amh_77_21","article-title":"A cross-sectional study on domestic violence, marital satisfaction, and quality of life among partners of patients with alcohol use disorder","volume":"23","author":"Bunga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Ment Health."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2007.68.66","article-title":"The impact of partner alcohol problems on women's physical and mental health","volume":"68","author":"Dawson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12405","article-title":"Living the cycle of drinking and violence: a qualitative study of women's experience of alcohol-related intimate partner violence","volume":"36","author":"Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.100905","article-title":"National and regional prevalence of interpersonal violence from others' alcohol use: a systematic review and modelling study","author":"Kilian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/1533256X.2020.1749363","article-title":"Psychosocial distress, physical illness, and social behaviour of close relatives to people with substance use disorders","volume":"20","author":"\u00d3lafsd\u00f3ttir","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Soc Work Pract Addict."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1080\/02673843.2021.1908376","article-title":"Adolescents and substance abuse: the effects of substance abuse on parents and siblings","volume":"26","author":"Dykes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Adolesc Youth."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1177\/10664807211000720","article-title":"The impact of adolescent substance abuse on family quality of life, marital satisfaction, and mental health in Qatar","volume":"30","author":"Hamza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fam J."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0349.2007.00497.x","article-title":"Shattered dreams: parental experiences of adolescent substance abuse: feature article","volume":"16","author":"Usher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-014-9649-7","article-title":"Trends in intimate partner violence services provided by substance abuse treatment facilities: findings from a national sample","volume":"30","author":"Capezza","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Fam Violence."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-881","article-title":"Alcohol interventions, alcohol policy and intimate partner violence: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Wilson","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B43","article-title":"36 S (2023\u20132024)","year":"","journal-title":"Opptrappingsplan mot vold og overgrep mot barn og vold i n\u00e6re relasjoner (2024\u20132028) Trygghet for alle [Action plan against violence and abuse against children and violence in close relationships (2024\u20132028) Safety for all]."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3109\/14659891.2016.1144802","article-title":"Responding to child-to-parent violence: the experiences of family support group providers","volume":"22","author":"Galvani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Subst Use."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230601146694","article-title":"Safety in numbers? Tackling domestic abuse in couples and network therapies","volume":"26","author":"Galvani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"key":"B46","article-title":"Folkehelseunders\u00f8kelsen i Agder 2023: Fremgangsm\u00e5te og utvalgte resultat [Public health survey in Agder 2023: Procedure and selected results]","author":"Knapstad","year":"2024"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0307539","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0307539","article-title":"Validation of an ultra-short global quality of life scale in a large population-based health survey","volume":"19","author":"Vederhus","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct Equ Modeling."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-007-9125-8","article-title":"Relationship of substance use\/abuse with psychological and physical intimate partner violence: variations across living situations","volume":"23","author":"Stalans","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Fam Violence."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/1455072520904652","article-title":"\u201cIt's like being stuck on an unsafe and unpredictable rollercoaster\u201d: experiencing substance use problems in a partner","volume":"37","author":"Weimand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nord Stud Alcohol Drugs."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-82583-5_25","article-title":"Mutual-help groups for affected others","author":"Timko","year":"2025","journal-title":"Families Affected by Addiction: A Handbook"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13828","article-title":"Harm from known others' drinking by relationship proximity to the harmful drinker and gender: a meta-analysis across 10 countries","volume":"42","author":"Stanesby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e049282","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-049282","article-title":"Pooled analysis of the association between alcohol use and violence against women: evidence from four violence prevention studies in Africa","volume":"11","author":"Ramsoomar","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0278196","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278196","article-title":"Partner alcohol consumption and intimate partner violence against women in sexual unions in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"17","author":"Aboagye","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B55","article-title":"Den store forskjellen","author":"NOU","year":"2023"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/09687637.2016.1189876","article-title":"How does the common core to the harm experienced by affected family members vary by relationship, social and cultural factors?","volume":"24","author":"Orford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drugs Educ. Prev Policy."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3656","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-023-01072-4","article-title":"Addressing gender-based violence in drug addiction treatment: a systematic mapping review","volume":"22","author":"Romo-Avil\u00e9s","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addict."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.12.007","article-title":"What works for whom and why: a narrative systematic review of interventions for reducing post-traumatic stress disorder and problematic substance use among women with experiences of interpersonal violence","volume":"99","author":"Bailey","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agaa050","article-title":"Alcoholics anonymous and 12-step facilitation treatments for alcohol use disorder: a distillation of a 2020 Cochrane review for clinicians and policy makers","volume":"55","author":"Kelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s10742-011-0069-3","article-title":"Systematic self-report bias in health data: impact on estimating cross-sectional and treatment effects","volume":"11","author":"Bauhoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Serv Outcomes Res Methodol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbr.2022.100206","article-title":"Response rates of online surveys in published research: a meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav Rep."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1863383\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T04:34:21Z","timestamp":1789101261000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1863383\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1863383"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1863383","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"article-number":"1863383"}}