{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T04:27:01Z","timestamp":1787286421010,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012456","name":"National Social Science Fund of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19YTY005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19YTY005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Drowning is the leading cause of injury-related deaths among teenagers in our country. High-risk swimming behaviors show strong correlational linkage with adolescent drowning incidents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A survey was conducted with 3,239 teenagers with an average age of 12.73 \u00b1 1.54. The swimming self-efficacy scale, water safety knowledge scale, water safety skills scale, and swimming high-risk behavior scale were used. The latent profile analysis was employed to explore differences in high-risk swimming behaviors across subgroups of swimming self-efficacy, and a chain mediation model was constructed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results indicate that swimming self-efficacy comprises four latent categories: fear-avoidant Swimmer (58.6%), Tentative Swimmer (20.7%), Assertive Swimmer (14.9%), and Overconfident Swimmer (5.8%). High-risk swimming behaviors increased sequentially across profiles (all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). Compared with the Fear-Avoidant Swimmer, the Tentative Swimmer [\u03b2 = 0.005, 95%CI (0.002, 0.008),\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001] and the Assertive Swimmer [\u03b2 = 0.006, 95%CI (0.004, 0.010),\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001] exerted statistically significant chain-mediated effects on high-risk swimming behaviors through water safety knowledge and skills. In contrast, the chain mediation effect did not hold for Overconfident Swimmer [95% CI (\u22120.001, 0.008)]; water safety skills alone had a statistically significant mediating effect on high-risk swimming behaviors [\u03b2 = 0.036, 95% CI (0.021, 0.055),\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001].\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The model indicates that adolescents exhibit group heterogeneity in swimming self-efficacy, which is characterized by a dual association with high-risk swimming behaviors: as self-efficacy increases, the frequency of high-risk behaviors also rises. However, groups with high swimming self-efficacy that are supported by water safety knowledge and skills can reduce the risk of injury due to their comprehensive safety preparedness. In contrast, excessive self-efficacy not grounded in cognitive and skill-based support is prone to inducing reckless risk-taking behavior. At the same time, a bias-corrected self-help method mediation analysis revealed that, within this mediation chain, the mediating effects of \u201cTentative swimmer\u201d and \u201cAssertive swimmer\u201d were relatively weak. This suggests that the risk-mitigating effects of traditional, comprehensive water safety education\u2014which relies on a chain of knowledge and skills\u2014are very limited. Implementing stratified interventions targeting adolescents' swimming self-efficacy is a crucial measure for reducing the risk of drowning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1869352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T04:22:40Z","timestamp":1787286160000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The relationship between adolescents' swimming self-efficacy and high-risk behaviors: a chain mediating model based on latent profile analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xi","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Hubei Minzu University","place":["Enshi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shujie","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Hubei Minzu University","place":["Enshi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Hubei Minzu University","place":["Enshi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Hubei Minzu University","place":["Enshi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Global Status Report on Drowning Prevention 2024","year":"2024"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"Big\n              Data Report on Drowning Prevention among Chinese Teenagers in 2022 [EB\/OL]"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2024.12.011","article-title":"Cognition and agency-based methods to improve children's road-hazard perception ability during visually occluded road crossing","volume":"109","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trans Res F: Traffic Psychol Behav."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6944-5","article-title":"An exploratory model for the non-fatal drowning risks in children in Guangdong, China","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20190850","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-0850","article-title":"Prevention of drowning","volume":"143","author":"Denny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B6","first-page":"66","article-title":"The mediating effect of water safety skills on adolescents' high-risk water activities: a moderated analysis","volume":"36","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Shenyang Inst Phys Educ"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.16265\/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2018.09.028","article-title":"Investigation on the differences in knowledge, attitude and practice of water safety among Chinese primary school students","volume":"28","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Saf Sci China"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.16419\/j.cnki.42-1684\/g8.2021.01.015","article-title":"Investigation on high-risk swimming behaviors and their influencing factors among primary and secondary school students","volume":"37","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Phys Educ Adults"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.2.191","article-title":"Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change","volume":"84","author":"Bandura","year":"1977","journal-title":"Psychol Rev."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1486871","DOI":"10.3389\/fsoc.2024.1486871","article-title":"Luwei W, Huimin M. 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