{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T05:57:18Z","timestamp":1790575038098,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Malaria remains a significant public health challenge in tropical regions. The disease is driven by multiple\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      vector species with varied ecological and behavioral traits. In transitional zones like the forested Pouth-Kelle community, detailed knowledge of vector dynamics and disease transmission remains limited. This study aimed to characterize local\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      species composition, biting behavior, and malaria transmission indicators to guide control strategies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From February 2021 to January 2022, adult mosquitoes were monthly collected indoors and outdoors over two consecutive nights in three dwellings using \u201c\n                      <jats:italic>human landing catch<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u201d method. Morphological and molecular techniques were used for species identification. Entomological indicators were assessed, and an ELISA assay was conducted to detect\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      circumsporozoite proteins in order to determine infection rate. Concurrently, residents were screened for malaria by microscopy. Statistical analysis examined the relationship between infection rate, age, and sex.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 790\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes were collected. Of these,\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.l. accounted for 64.7% of the sample, with\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      comprising 98% and\n                      <jats:italic>An. coluzzii<\/jats:italic>\n                      2% of that group. Other species included\n                      <jats:italic>An. nili<\/jats:italic>\n                      (20%),\n                      <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (15.2%), and\n                      <jats:italic>An. paludis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (0.1%).\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.l. biting rates were 6.86 bites\/person\/night outdoors and 6.66 bites\/person\/night indoors;\n                      <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                      had 1.47 bites\/person\/night outdoors and 1.67 bites\/person\/night indoors;\n                      <jats:italic>An. nili<\/jats:italic>\n                      registered 2.32 bites\/person\/night outdoors and 2.00 bites\/person\/night indoors. Infection rates for\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.l. differed significantly by location, with 11.3% indoors compared to 6.48% outdoors (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.039), whereas infection rates for\n                      <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>An. nili<\/jats:italic>\n                      were similar indoors and outdoors. Entomological inoculation rates (EIR) were consistently higher indoors for all species, particularly for\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.l. (0.75 infective bites\/person\/night indoors vs. 0.45 infective bites\/person\/night outdoors). Malaria prevalence among humans was 30.8%, with no significant difference between sexes; however, a marked decline in prevalence was observed with increasing age. Children under 10\u202fyears had 28.5 times higher odds of infection compared to adults aged 30\u201340.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Multiple\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      species sustain malaria transmission in Pouth-Kelle, exhibiting diverse biting behaviors and varying infection rates both indoors and outdoors. Elevated indoor infection rates and EIR for\n                      <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.l support maintaining indoor control interventions, while outdoor transmission calls for integrating strategies targeting both environments, prioritizing vulnerable groups, especially children.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1870575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T05:45:04Z","timestamp":1790574304000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Understanding malaria vector dynamics and transmission in the Pouth-Kelle community, Nyong et Kelle division, Centre Region, Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Elisabeth Melaine Ngo","family":"Bikoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of General Biology, University of Yaounde","place":["Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"]},{"name":"Higher Institute of Scientific and Medical Research (ISM)","place":["Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"]},{"name":"Malaria Research Laboratory, Yaounde\u00b4 Research Institute (IRY), Organization for the Coordination of Endemic Diseases\u2019 Control in Central Africa (OCEAC)","place":["Yaounde, Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe Bienvenu","family":"Nwane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of General Biology, University of Yaounde","place":["Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"]},{"name":"Higher Institute of Scientific and Medical Research (ISM)","place":["Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"]},{"name":"Malaria Research Laboratory, Yaounde\u00b4 Research Institute (IRY), Organization for the Coordination of Endemic Diseases\u2019 Control in Central Africa (OCEAC)","place":["Yaounde, Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang Eyisap","family":"Ekoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yaound\u00e9 Teachers' Training College, University of Yaound\u00e9","place":["Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serge Eteme","family":"Enama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of General Biology, University of Yaounde","place":["Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael Junior Piameu","family":"Chadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa","place":["Yaounde, Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo Dilane","family":"Alenou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Institute of Scientific and Medical Research (ISM)","place":["Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"]},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala","place":["Douala, Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanislas Elys\u00e9e","family":"Mandeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of General Biology, University of Yaounde","place":["Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yannick Niamsi","family":"Emalio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Institute of Scientific and Medical Research (ISM)","place":["Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Kamgno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of General Biology, University of Yaounde","place":["Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"]},{"name":"Higher Institute of Scientific and Medical Research (ISM)","place":["Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josiane 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