{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T06:04:14Z","timestamp":1789365854330,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the relationships between sunlight exposure and the risk of three major rheumatic diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE], rheumatoid arthritis [RA], and gout) in a large-scale prospective cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were derived from the UK Biobank (a nationwide prospective cohort in the United Kingdom), including 363,873 participants followed up from 2006 to 2022. Sunlight exposure was assessed by self-reported average daily outdoor time in summer and winter. Incident SLE, RA, and gout were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes from linked hospital records. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models, restricted cubic splines, subgroup analyses, and sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      During the 13-year follow-up, 335 SLE, 5,591 RA, and 7,485 gout cases were ascertained. Compared with sunlight exposure of 2.5\u202fh\/day, both lower and higher sunlight exposure were associated with increased risks of SLE (&amp;lt; 2.5\u202fh\/day: HR\u202f=\u202f1.71, 95% CI:1.13, 2.59; &amp;gt;2.5\u202fh\/day: HR\u202f=\u202f1.75, 95% CI:1.17, 2.63). We also observed increased risk associations of higher sunlight exposure with RA (HR\u202f=\u202f1.15, 95% CI:1.06, 1.26) and gout (HR\u202f=\u202f1.09, 95% CI:1.02, 1.18). Subgroup analyses suggested an age-related difference in the association between sunlight exposure and gout after Bonferroni correction (adjusted\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      value\u202f=\u202f0.014).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sunlight exposure was associated with disease-specific risks of SLE, RA, and gout.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1873382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T05:39:11Z","timestamp":1789364351000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between sunlight exposure and risk of rheumatic diseases: a prospective cohort study in the UK"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Pu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of General Education, Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chongqing, China"]},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingru","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chongqing, China"]},{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linpeng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangchang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yihan","family":"Zhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingli","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengyin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0185-9","article-title":"Photoimmunology: how ultraviolet radiation affects the immune system","volume":"19","author":"Bernard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.405","article-title":"The immunologic revolution: Photoimmunology","volume":"132","author":"Ullrich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Invest 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