{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:20:29Z","timestamp":1787242829264,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Social frailty, defined as deficits in social resources, roles, and engagement, is an emerging risk dimension. However, evidence on its measurement and prognostic value in Latin America is limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using nationally representative data from the Mexican Health and Aging Study (2012-2021), we adapted a five-item Social Frailty Index (SFI) and evaluated its psychometric properties and association with 9-year all-cause mortality in 5,400 community-dwelling adults aged \u226560 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At baseline, 38.9% were pre\u2013frail (SFI = 1) and 25.2% were frail (SFI \u2265 2). Mortality increased progressively across categories. In fully adjusted Cox models, pre-frailty (HR = 1.21, 95%CI: 1.06\u20131.37) and frailty (HR = 1.56, 95%CI: 1.36\u20131.79) independently predicted higher mortality risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The SFI, adapted to available MHAS data, demonstrated prognostic relevance. This provides initial evidence supporting further research on social frailty assessment in the region, including cultural adaptation and external validation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1874301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T04:20:30Z","timestamp":1784521230000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Social frailty independently predicts 9-year mortality among community-dwelling older adults in Mexico: validation of a brief social frailty index"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Liliana","family":"Giraldo-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Policy, Population, and Health Research Center, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Parra-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Instituto Nacional de Geriatr\u00eda","place":["Ciudad de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Cisneros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Instituto Nacional de Geriatr\u00eda","place":["Ciudad de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"]},{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Hospital M\u00e9dica Sur","place":["Ciudad de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Agudelo-Botero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Policy, Population, and Health Research Center, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afs047","article-title":"Prevalence of frailty phenotypes and risk of mortality in a community-dwelling elderly cohort","volume":"42","author":"Garre-Olmo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Age Ageing."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2009.09.005","article-title":"Toward a conceptual definition of frail community dwelling older people","volume":"58","author":"Gobbens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nurs Outlook."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S298191","article-title":"Assessing frailty with the tilburg frailty indicator (TFI): a review of reliability and validity","volume":"16","author":"Gobbens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-025-05971-0","article-title":"Social frailty in community-dwelling older adults: a scoping review","volume":"25","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-018-1054-0","article-title":"Social frailty is associated with physical functioning, cognition, and depression, and predicts mortality","volume":"22","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2015.08.023","article-title":"Social frailty in community-dwelling older adults as a risk factor for disability","volume":"16","author":"Makizako","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2018.09.013","article-title":"Social frailty predicts incident disability and mortality among community-dwelling japanese older adults","volume":"19","author":"Yamada","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4235\/agmr.2018.22.1.3","article-title":"Social frailty among community-dwelling older adults: recommended assessments and implications","volume":"22","author":"Makizako","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Geriatr Med Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2022.111901","article-title":"Social frailty increases the risk of all-cause mortality: A longitudinal analysis of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing","volume":"167","author":"Ragusa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2232","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002232","article-title":"Social vulnerability, frailty and mortality in elderly people","volume":"3","author":"Andrew","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glac066","article-title":"Social vulnerability, frailty, and their association with mortality in older adults living in rural Tanzania","volume":"77","author":"Cooper","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Gerontol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-017-0414-7","article-title":"Social frailty in older adults: a scoping review","volume":"14","author":"Bunt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Ageing."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2017.04.015","article-title":"Social frailty and functional disability: findings from the singapore longitudinal ageing studies","volume":"18","author":"Teo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105419","article-title":"Prevalence of social frailty and risk factors among community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"123","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2022.10.007","article-title":"The prevalence of social frailty among older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53984-3","article-title":"Social frailty as a predictor of all-cause mortality and functional disability: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Goto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-023-02421-y","article-title":"Social frailty as a predictor of adverse outcomes among older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2020.03.010","article-title":"The predictive value of social frailty on adverse outcomes in older adults living in the community","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.21.2.281","article-title":"Which social needs are important for subjective well-being? What happens to them with aging?","volume":"21","author":"Steverink","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol Aging."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006907811502","article-title":"Subjective well-being and social production functions","volume":"46","author":"Ormel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X98007004","article-title":"Towards understanding successful ageing: patterned change in resources and goals","volume":"18","author":"Steverink","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ageing Soc."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu263","article-title":"Cohort Profile: The Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS)","volume":"46","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/b97377","volume-title":"Survival Analysis","author":"Klein","year":"2003"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-0361.2010.00297.x","article-title":"The rural-urban divide: health services utilization among older Mexicans in Mexico","volume":"26","author":"Salinas","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Rural Health."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02126-x","article-title":"Association between cardiometabolic disease multimorbidity and all-cause mortality in 2 million women and men registered in UK general practices","volume":"19","author":"Canoy","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2017.12.005","article-title":"Diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease: clinical insights and vascular mechanisms","volume":"34","author":"Petrie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol."},{"key":"B27","unstructured":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 17 [Internet]. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC.\n          \n          2021"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-025-01879-0.","article-title":"Social frailty and mortality risk in middle-aged and older adults: a prospective cohort study","author":"Hao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3651","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1103651","article-title":"Incidence and predictive value of social frailty among community-dwelling older adults in Southwest China: A prospective cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2209414120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2209414120","article-title":"Social Frailty Index: Development and validation of an index of social attributes predictive of mortality in older adults","volume":"120","author":"Shah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.103172","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of the transition between multimorbidity and mortality patterns from a syndemic perspective","volume":"56","author":"Mino-Le\u00f3n","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Med Res."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146510395592","article-title":"Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health","volume":"52","author":"Thoits","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1874301\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T04:20:31Z","timestamp":1784521231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1874301\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1874301"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1874301","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"article-number":"1874301"}}