{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T06:18:15Z","timestamp":1783491495991,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is highly fatal, and the timely delivery of high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is critical for improving survival outcomes. However, current CPR training for middle school students is still mainly based on traditional teaching methods, with limited real-life scenario simulation, making it difficult to effectively enhance skill application and emergency response capacity. Manikin-based training and scenario-based drama review, as important forms of experiential learning, may offer a promising approach to optimizing CPR training models. However, high-quality evidence regarding their effectiveness in middle school populations remains limited.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A single-blind cluster randomized controlled trial with a 2\u202f\u00d7\u202f2 factorial design will be conducted in a middle school in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. A total of 160 eligible middle school students will be recruited and randomly assigned in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to four groups: conventional CPR training group, manikin-based training group, scenario-based drama review group, and combined manikin-based training plus scenario-based drama review group. Each training session will last 90\u202fmin. The primary outcomes are CPR-related knowledge score and skill performance score. Secondary outcomes include self-efficacy (behavioral performance and evaluation), behavioral intention, course satisfaction, and skill retention rate. Data will be collected at Baseline assessment (T0), immediate post-first training assessment (T1), 3-month post-first training assessment (T2), immediate post-second training assessment (T3), 3-month post-second training follow-up (T4).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n This study applies a CPR training model integrating manikin-based practice and scenario-based drama review, and systematically evaluates the independent effects and interaction effects of different intervention components using a factorial design. The expected findings will provide more practical and effective intervention strategies for CPR training among middle school students, and offer empirical evidence for optimizing school-based first aid education systems and informing relevant policy development.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title>\n \n https:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn<\/jats:ext-link>\n , Identifier, ChiCTR2600124162.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1878058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:54:34Z","timestamp":1783490074000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Manikin-based practice combined with scenario-based simulation for cardiopulmonary resuscitation training among middle school students: study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xiaofei","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital","place":["Hohhot, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Humanities, China Medical University","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Peking University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, China"]},{"name":"Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Harbin Medical University","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital","place":["Hohhot, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Maternal and 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