{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T06:15:27Z","timestamp":1783318527262,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Methicillin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MRSA) sequence type 398 (ST398), initially recognized as a livestock-associated lineage, has been increasingly reported in human infections. However, the molecular characteristics, antimicrobial resistance profiles, phylogenetic context, and pathogenicity-associated phenotypes of clinical MRSA ST398 isolates in China remain insufficiently defined. Here, we characterized such isolates from Southwest China using genomic, antimicrobial susceptibility, and phenotypic analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From January 2020 to June 2023, 23 nonduplicate MRSA ST398 isolates were identified among 305 nonduplicate clinical isolates from West China Second University Hospital. Whole-genome sequencing was performed for molecular typing, antimicrobial resistance determinant analysis, phylogenetic analysis, and virulence-associated gene screening. Growth, biofilm formation, cell adhesion, hemolysis, mouse skin abscess, and\n                      <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      survival assays of selected clinical isolates within each lineage were performed to evaluate pathogenicity-associated phenotypes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ST398-V-t011 was the dominant lineage in 15\/23 of the isolates (65.2%).\n                      <jats:italic>SCCmec<\/jats:italic>\n                      type V and spa type t011 were detected in 22\/23 (95.7%) and 16\/23 (69.6%) of the isolates, respectively. All isolates were\n                      <jats:italic>mecA<\/jats:italic>\n                      -positive and were phenotypically resistant to penicillin G and oxacillin, but remained susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid. Erythromycin resistance and clindamycin resistance, mainly associated with\n                      <jats:italic>ermC<\/jats:italic>\n                      , were each detected in 15\/23 of the isolates (65.2%). Phylogenetic analysis showed that 22\/23 local isolates clustered within a China-associated clade, and LSD2-based dating estimated that the internal node of this clade was approximately 2008, providing temporal context for the observed clustering pattern. Virulence-associated gene screening revealed the conservation of many genes across isolates, whereas several accessory genes varied. Lineage-based phenotypic assays using selected isolates revealed heterogeneous pathogenicity-associated readouts: ST398-V-t2383 and ST398-V-t1580 displayed relatively higher biofilm formation and\/or cell adhesion capacities, whereas ST398-V-t011 showed higher hemolytic activity and higher pathogenicity-associated readouts in mouse skin abscess and\n                      <jats:italic>G. mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      models.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The obtained clinical MRSA ST398 isolates predominantly belonged to the ST398-V-t011 lineage and had a\n                      <jats:italic>mecA<\/jats:italic>\n                      -positive beta-lactam-resistant phenotype with variable non-beta-lactam resistance. Although a China-associated genomic cluster was identified, this finding should not be interpreted as direct evidence of the transmission direction or a definite transmission chain. The observed phenotypic heterogeneity provides exploratory pathogenicity-associated data and supports continued genomic surveillance and multicenter validation of clinical MRSA ST398 in China.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1882026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T05:38:43Z","timestamp":1783316323000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular characteristics and pathogenicity-associated phenotypes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 398 clinical isolates from a women and children\u2019s hospital in Southwest China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"Department of Blood Transfusion, Beijing Anzhen Nanchong Hospital of Capital Medical University & Nan-chong Central Hospital","place":["Nanchong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyi","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunhan","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tibet Autonomous Region Women's and Children's Hospital","place":["Lhasa, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaji","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yali","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Meishan Women and Children\u2019s Hospital, Alliance Hospital of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Meishan, Sichuan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital (Tianfu), Sichuan University (Sichuan Provincial Children\u2019s Hospital)","place":["Meishan, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linghan","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Hi-Tech Zone Hospital for Women and Children (Chengdu Hi-Tech Zone Hospital for Maternal and Child Healthcare)","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongmei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70295-4","article-title":"The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections","volume":"5","author":"Wertheim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm199808203390806","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus infections","volume":"339","author":"Lowy","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.112408.134309","article-title":"Basis of virulence in community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"64","author":"Otto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Rev 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