{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T05:52:09Z","timestamp":1785909129493,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Valid multidimensional instruments for assessing crisis preparedness at the municipal population level are largely unavailable. Nationally representative surveys cannot provide the subnational granularity required for locally targeted civil protection planning. We developed and validated KOMPAKT112, which is, to our knowledge, the first all-hazards, multidimensional preparedness questionnaire designed for German municipal civil protection research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A three-round modified Delphi study (October-November 2025) was conducted with 26 interdisciplinary experts from eight domains: civil protection authorities, fire brigades, THW, aid organizations, the German Armed Forces, church communities, municipal administration, and academia. An initial 183-item pool was generated from seven preparedness frameworks, rated on a five-point Likert scale, with an\n                      <jats:italic>a priori<\/jats:italic>\n                      consensus threshold of \u226575%. Reporting followed the CREDES guidelines. External validation comprised a cognitive pre-test (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f12, think-aloud protocol) and a population-based pretest (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f50).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Response rates were 100% (Rounds 1-2) and 92.3% (Round 3). The item pool decreased from 183 to 132 items across 14 themes. The mean block-level consensus increased monotonically from 78.9 to 91.2%, and the mean interquartile range converged from 1.60 to 0.77. The overall Content Validity Index was 0.91 (range, 0.85\u20130.94), exceeding the \u22650.80 threshold across all blocks. Cognitive pretesting prompted revisions to the six blocks. The population-based pre-test confirmed score differentiation, absence of floor\/ceiling effects, and a knowledge\u2013behavior gap of 7.3 percentage points (knowledge: 76.2% vs. behavior: 68.9%). Seventy percent of the pre-test participants reported increased crisis preparedness awareness following completion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>KOMPAKT112 demonstrated robust content validity and is suitable for population-level municipal crisis preparedness research in Germany. Its 14-block architecture uniquely covers civil-military cooperation perception and volunteer engagement readiness, which are dimensions absent from existing instruments, including the HEPI. The instrument is freely available as Supplementary material and constitutes a promising, content-validated candidate instrument for comparative studies on municipal preparedness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1883344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T05:38:48Z","timestamp":1785908328000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and consensus-based validation of a comprehensive population survey instrument for municipal crisis preparedness: a three-round Delphi study (KOMPAKT112)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Andrea C.","family":"Baron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Sch\u00f6n Klinik","place":["Neustadt in Holstein, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Batsios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Clinic III, University of Luebeck","place":["Luebeck, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Over-M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Clinic III, University of Luebeck","place":["Luebeck, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cosmo","family":"Bulasikis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Clinic III, University of Luebeck","place":["Luebeck, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ole","family":"Franzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of the Interior, Municipal Affairs, Housing, and Sports","place":["Kiel, Germany"]},{"name":"Stormarn Technical Operations Management, Stormarn District Fire Brigade Association","place":["Travenbr\u00fcck, Germany"]},{"name":"Reinfeld Volunteer Fire Brigade","place":["Reinfeld, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Reppel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rhythmology, University of Luebeck","place":["Luebeck, Germany"]},{"name":"Cardiology Landsberg","place":["Landsberg am Lech, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peer","family":"Franzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reinfeld Volunteer Fire Brigade","place":["Reinfeld, Germany"]},{"name":"Hamburg Fire Brigade, Ministry of the Interior and Sport of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg","place":["Hamburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Mortensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rhythmology, University of Luebeck","place":["Luebeck, Germany"]},{"name":"Cardiology Kiel","place":["Kiel, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Dr\u00f6mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Clinic III, University of Luebeck","place":["Luebeck, Germany"]},{"name":"Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL)","place":["Gro\u00dfhansdorf, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Ristau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Deggendorf Institute of Technology","place":["Deggendorf, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaas F.","family":"Franzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Clinic III, University of Luebeck","place":["Luebeck, Germany"]},{"name":"Reinfeld Volunteer Fire Brigade","place":["Reinfeld, Germany"]},{"name":"Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL)","place":["Gro\u00dfhansdorf, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-68381-1_1","volume-title":"Risiko, Katastrophen und Resilienz: Eine Einf\u00fchrung in Methoden, Konzepte und Themen","author":"Fekete","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-71881-0_2","volume-title":"Zeitenwende, Zivile Verteidigung und Bev\u00f6lkerungsschutz: Perspektiven Unterschiedlicher Disziplinen","author":"Fekete","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"DIN ISO 31000:2018-10\u2014Risikomanagement: Leitlinien (ISO 31000:2018)","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-013-0558-5","article-title":"Framing vulnerability, risk and societal responses: the MOVE 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