{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T06:05:21Z","timestamp":1784613921973,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While real-time feedback devices are proven to improve skill mastery in CPR training, current options are often suboptimal due to high costs, skin irritation, and single-functionality constraints. To overcome these limitations, we engineered a novel wearable feedback device, the accuracy of which was validated in our prior research. Furthermore, we conceptualized a hybrid training paradigm combining real-time feedback with deliberate practice. Given the current lack of efficacy data for this approach, this study aims to assess the device\u2019s real-world training performance and investigate whether this hybrid training approach can further optimize resuscitation training outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Students from Chongqing Medical University were recruited and randomly assigned to three groups: traditional training (Group A), real-time feedback training (Group B), or real-time feedback plus deliberate practice training (Group C). All participants were required to perform 2\u202fmin of chest compressions on CPR manikins. The primary outcomes were the proportion of correct compression depth (50\u201360\u202fmm) and adequate compression rate (100\u2013120\u202fmin\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). The secondary outcomes were chest compression depth (mm), chest compression rate (min\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), and the proportion of correct compression release.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 618 participants were randomly assigned to Group A (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f210), Group B (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f204), and Group C (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f204). The proportion of correct compression depth in Group B was higher than that in Group A (mean [SD], 82.55 [12.67] % vs. 71.54 [22.28] %, mean difference [95% CI], \u221211.0 [\u221214.5 to \u22127.5] %,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001) and lower than that in Group C (90.01 [8.32] %, mean difference, 7.5 [5.4 to 9.6] %,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). The proportion of adequate compression rate in Group B was higher than that in Group A (mean [SD], 81.61 [14.59] % vs. 78.15 [13.60] %, mean difference [95% CI], \u22123.5 [\u22126.3 to \u22120.7] %,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.014) and showed no significant difference from that in Group C (83.12 [11.93] %, mean difference [95% CI], 1.5 [\u22121.1 to 4.1] %). The compression depth in Group B was deeper than that in Group A (mean [SD], 57.02 [5.15] mm vs. 53.47 (4.71) mm,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001) but did not differ from that in Group C (57.45 [4.36] mm,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.367). No significant differences were observed in chest compression rate or the proportion of correct compression release among the three groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;gt;\u202f0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In conclusion, within the academic setting of a medical university, this novel feedback device improved CPR performance in compression depth and rate among medical students compared to traditional training. Furthermore, the hybrid training method combining real-time feedback and deliberate practice further enhanced training efficacy regarding chest compression depth in this population. However, these findings require independent replication in broader populations and diverse clinical settings before widespread implementation recommendations can be made.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1883769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T05:36:27Z","timestamp":1784612187000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effect of a novel wearable feedback device on cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in medical students: a three-arm cluster randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Enze","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyuan","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]},{"name":"Chongqing Yihe Integrative Medicine Clinic Co., Ltd.","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]},{"name":"Chongqing Liangjiang Newarea and Community Health Service Center","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xintao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]},{"name":"Yuzhong District Shangqingsi Subdistrict Community Health Center","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huisheng","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S284","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001372","article-title":"Part 1: executive summary: 2025 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care","volume":"152","author":"Del Rios","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2023.109771","article-title":"Global prevalence of basic life support training: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"186","author":"Ng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2017.0035","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in China: current situation and future 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resuscitation by healthcare professionals","volume":"140","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2018.06.035","article-title":"Impact of a CPR feedback device on healthcare provider workload during simulated cardiac arrest","volume":"130","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1880-6805-33-16","article-title":"Relationship between weight of rescuer and quality of chest compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation","volume":"33","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Physiol Anthropol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public 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