{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T05:25:31Z","timestamp":1787117131595,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the primary cause of dementia and represents a significant public health concern in aging populations. Existing evidence indicates geographic and sex-related differences in AD prevalence; however, comparability across time periods and diagnostic criteria is limited, and data from lower-resource regions remain scarce. This study synthesized evidence on reported AD prevalence from 1980 to 2024 and examined temporal, geographic, demographic, and methodological variation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were systematically searched from inception to December 31, 2024, for observational studies reporting AD prevalence in general or community-based populations. Eligible studies reported prevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals or provided sufficient data for calculation. Studies with sample sizes below 100 and non-original reports were excluded. Two reviewers independently screened studies and extracted data; disagreements were resolved by a third reviewer. Pooled reported prevalence was estimated using a random-effects model. The review was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251111597).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty-two studies from 19 countries met the inclusion criteria. The pooled reported prevalence of AD was 4.43 per 100 population (95% CI 3.47\u20135.50). Prevalence was higher among females (4.65 per 100, 95% CI 3.37\u20136.13) than males (2.30 per 100, 95% CI 1.71\u20132.97). By survey period, reported prevalence was 3.52 per 100 for 1980\u20131989, 4.21 for 1990\u20131999, 4.12 for 2000\u20132009, and 6.78 for 2010\u20132024. Adjusted meta-regression did not identify a significant association between survey year and reported prevalence. Estimates also varied by WHO region, Human Development Index (HDI) level, sample size, and study design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reported AD prevalence was substantial and varied by demographic, geographic, and methodological factors. Although prevalence was highest in the most recent survey period, meta-regression did not indicate a consistent global increase over time. Given the extremely high between-study heterogeneity, these findings should be interpreted with caution. More standardized, age-comparable, and geographically representative studies are needed, particularly in underrepresented and lower-resource settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD420251111597<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier CRD420251111597.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1884058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T04:41:50Z","timestamp":1787114510000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Temporal trends in the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease, 1980\u20132024: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mengqi","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Sports Science Research Institute, Shandong Sport University","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Sports Science Research Institute, Shandong Sport University","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dewei","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong","place":["Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuewen","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Sports Science Research Institute, Shandong Sport University","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinghui","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Sports Science Research Institute, Shandong Sport University","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Dementia.\n          \n          2019"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"Geneva\n          World Health Organization\n          Dementia\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13885","article-title":"Wandering dementia-a syndrome with forensic implications","volume":"64","author":"Byard","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1204629","article-title":"Monetary costs of dementia in the United States","volume":"368","author":"Hurd","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission","volume":"396","author":"Livingston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01296-0","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission","volume":"404","author":"Livingston","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220724","article-title":"Could country-level factors explain sex differences in dementia incidence and prevalence? 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