{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:29:31Z","timestamp":1789586971311,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The demonstrated protective effects of leisure activities on physical and mental health underscore the need for accessible guidance. Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT-5 offer a potential solution, yet their application in non-clinical leisure health advice requires rigorous evaluation. This study aims to conduct a multidimensional assessment of ChatGPT-5\u2019s performance in this context.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We generated responses from ChatGPT-5 to 34 common leisure-and-health questions, categorized into six thematic areas (e.g., mental, physical, social health). The responses were assessed using validated evaluation instruments, including the modified DISCERN tool (mDISCERN) to determine reliability, the Global Quality Scale (GQS) to assess overall quality, and a 7-point Likert scale to evaluate perceived usefulness. Readability was assessed using the Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) formula.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ChatGPT-5 demonstrated moderate reliability, good quality, and relatively high usefulness, with mean scores of 3.58\/5 for reliability (mDISCERN), 4.11\/5 for quality (GQS), and 5.79\/7 for usefulness. However, performance varied thematically, with the highest scores in \u201cLeisure and Social Health\u201d and the lowest in personalized contexts like \u201cAge- and Stage-Appropriate Planning.\u201d A critical finding was the low average FRE score of 39, indicating a \u201cdifficult\u201d reading level equivalent to U. S. college grades 13\u201316, which poses a significant accessibility barrier.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While ChatGPT-5 shows promise as a complementary tool for generating leisure health advice, its utility is constrained by suboptimal readability, inconsistent source transparency, and limitations in handling nuanced, personalized scenarios. For safe and effective integration, future developments must prioritize readability optimization, enhanced source citation, and emotional intelligence, all within a framework that emphasizes human oversight.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1889768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T05:38:43Z","timestamp":1785389923000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["ChatGPT-5 as a leisure health advisor: multidimensional assessment of reliability, quality, usefulness and readability"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alican","family":"Bayram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Sciences, Bingol University","place":["Bingol, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574337","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1574337","article-title":"The role of recreational flow experience and well-being on re-participation intention: recreational sport participants","volume":"16","author":"Bayram","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.058162","article-title":"Long-term leisure-time physical activity intensity and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a prospective cohort of US adults","volume":"146","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy024","article-title":"Association of leisure-time physical activity with total and cause-specific mortality: a pooled analysis of nearly a half million adults in the Asia cohort consortium","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487318795194","article-title":"Associations of leisure-time physical activity with cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 44 prospective cohort studies","volume":"25","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11972-6","article-title":"Leisure-time physical activities and the risk of cardiovascular mortality in the Malm\u00f6 diet and Cancer study","volume":"21","author":"Bergwall","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/15487768.2014.909683","article-title":"Role of leisure in recovery from mental illness","volume":"17","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatr Rehabil"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/11745398.2019.1655459","article-title":"Mental health benefits of nature-based recreation: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Lackey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. 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