{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T05:18:08Z","timestamp":1787894288555,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Person\u2013environment interactions shape how individuals evaluate their surroundings, and perceived age friendliness influences intentions to age in place. Supermarkets, as essential components of daily urban life, play a critical role in supporting older adults\u2019 community participation. This study aimed to develop and validate the Age Friendly Supermarket Index (AFSI), a comprehensive tool to assess and enhance supermarket age friendliness for older customers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Indicators were generated through a literature review, followed by two Delphi rounds, cognitive interviews, and pilot testing. The AFSI was validated using survey data from 387 older adults in Macao.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The finalized AFSI includes 33 indicators across three domains: (i) environmental design and customer service, (ii) convenience and safety assurance, and (iii) product arrangement and aisle planning. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a three factor structure. The overall index showed excellent internal consistency (Cronbach\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.93), with strong reliability across domains (\u03b1\u202f=\u202f0.90\u20130.92), explaining 54.96% of variance. Measurement invariance was confirmed across gender, age groups, and living status.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The AFSI is a reliable and valid instrument for evaluating supermarket age friendliness and can guide improvements to support age-friendly shopping environments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1891483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T04:33:45Z","timestamp":1787891625000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Age Friendly Supermarket Index: a Delphi study and psychometric analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sok Leng","family":"Che","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing and Health Education Research Centre, Kiang Wu Nursing College of Macau","place":["Macao, Macao SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wai In","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing and Health Study Centre, Kiang Wu Nursing College of Macau","place":["Macao, Macao SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sok Man","family":"Leong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Management and Development Department, Kiang Wu Nursing College of Macau","place":["Macao, Macao SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.83.5.956","article-title":"Toward an interactional psychology of personality","volume":"83","author":"Endler","year":"1976","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3447","DOI":"10.3390\/su16083447","article-title":"Aging in place in Hong Kong and its implications for sustainable development: a qualitative study exploring the needs, beliefs, behaviors, and well-being of older adults through self-determination theory and social cognitive theory","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Global Age-Friendly Cities: A Guide","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnab070","article-title":"Understanding aging in place: home and community features, perceived Age-friendliness of community, and intention toward aging in place","volume":"62","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref5","author":"Yin","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s10460-014-9561-z","article-title":"Traditional, modern or mixed? Perspectives on social, economic, and health impacts of evolving food retail in Thailand","volume":"32","author":"Kelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric Hum Values"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980011000747","article-title":"Food shopping habits, physical activity and health-related indicators among adults aged \u226570 years","volume":"14","author":"Thompson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2021.102621","article-title":"Affordable and enjoyable health shopping: commodified therapeutic landscapes for older people in China\u2019s urban open spaces","volume":"70","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2010.126698","article-title":"Frequent shopping by men and women increases survival in the older Taiwanese population","volume":"66","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2016.1277394","article-title":"Rehabilitation in the real-life environment of a shopping mall","volume":"40","author":"Labb\u00e9","year":"2017","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010569","article-title":"Effects of shopping rehabilitation on older people\u2019s daily activities","volume":"19","author":"Mouri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1108\/07363760510623894","article-title":"The three \u201cbig issues\u201d for older supermarket shoppers","volume":"22","author":"Pettigrew","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Consum Mark"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1108\/JEIM-05-2013-0025","article-title":"The shopping experience of older supermarket consumers","volume":"26","author":"Yin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Enterp Inf Manag"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2017.1398785","article-title":"Difficulty and independence in shopping among older Americans: more than just leaving the house","volume":"41","author":"Brenner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"ref15","volume-title":"Age-Friendly Business: Valuing and Including Older Consumers in Supermarkets and Service Companies","author":"Age","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"Jockey Club Institute of Ageing, Strategies for Creating an Age-Friendly City: Hong Kong as a Case Study","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"A Study on Consumer Behavior of Supermarket Planning and Design Guidance for Elder Taking PX MART Daan Chenggong Store as an Example, in Graduate Institute of Architecture and Urban Design","author":"Lung","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/07334648251352306","article-title":"Association of Age-Friendly Communities with Health and Well-Being among Older Adults: an ecological and multilevel analysis from the Japan gerontological evaluation study","author":"Noguchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Appl Gerontol"},{"key":"ref19","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref20","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1080\/13611260500069947","article-title":"The Delphi technique in health sciences education research","volume":"27","author":"de Villiers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/NND.0b013e3182551543","article-title":"Research priorities for nursing professional development: a modified e-Delphi study","volume":"28","author":"Harper","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nurses Prof Dev"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/1937586719887709","article-title":"We agree, don\u2019t we? The Delphi method for health environments research","volume":"13","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"HERD"},{"key":"ref24","volume-title":"Modern Epidemiology and its Application in China","author":"Zeng","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.884514","article-title":"Identifying the service capability of long-term care facilities in China: an e-Delphi study","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2000.t01-1-01567.x","article-title":"Research guidelines for the Delphi survey technique","volume":"32","author":"Hasson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412984898","volume-title":"Making Sense of Factor Analysis: The Use of Factor Analysis for Instrument Development in Health Care Research","author":"Pett","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref28","volume-title":"Multivariate Data Analysis","author":"Hair","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2015.1087664","article-title":"A review of exploratory factor analysis decisions and overview of current practices: what we are doing and how can we improve?","volume":"32","author":"Howard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Hum-Comput Interact"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800313","article-title":"Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: algebra and statistics","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Mark Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164418783530","article-title":"Understanding the model size effect on SEM fit indices","volume":"79","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Meas"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701758349","article-title":"Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis: locating the invariant referent sets","volume":"15","author":"French","year":"2008","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328007sem0902_5","article-title":"Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance","volume":"9","author":"Cheung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0131526","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131526","article-title":"Comparing the Age-friendliness of different neighbourhoods using district surveys: an example from Hong Kong","volume":"10","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.54609\/reaser.v30i2.478","article-title":"Customer satisfaction through omni-channel retailing: an analysis of consumer grocery shopping experiences in Hungary","volume":"30","author":"Papashvili","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev Appl Socioecon Res"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3390\/admsci15040120","article-title":"Optimising retail environments for older adults: insights into customer behaviour and organisational performance","volume":"15","author":"K\u00f6nig","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adm Sci"},{"key":"ref38","volume-title":"Consumer Rights and Interests Protection Law Lei n.\u00b0 9\/2021","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-015-1137-x","article-title":"Changes in life-space mobility and quality of life among community-dwelling older people: a 2-year follow-up study","volume":"25","author":"Rantakokko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.54097\/hkmf1f16","article-title":"Research on supermarket layout optimization based on SLP and AHP-FCE","volume":"11","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acad J Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref41","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2025.104156","article-title":"How is grocery shopping completed in households with children? Gender gaps and typologies of grocery shopping in four Canadian metropolises","volume":"124","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Transp Geogr"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2007.03.013","article-title":"Participation rates in epidemiologic studies","volume":"17","author":"Galea","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11162-004-1597-2","article-title":"Non-response in student surveys: the role of demographics, engagement and personality","volume":"46","author":"Porter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Res High Educ"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238","article-title":"Comparative fit indexes in structural models","volume":"107","author":"Bentler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328007sem1103_2","article-title":"In search of golden rules: comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler's (1999) findings","volume":"11","author":"Marsh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"534","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, 4th ed","author":"Kline","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.4.3.272","article-title":"Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research","volume":"4","author":"Fabrigar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1891483\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T04:33:57Z","timestamp":1787891637000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1891483\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1891483"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1891483","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"article-number":"1891483"}}