{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:04:28Z","timestamp":1789535068182,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Urban parks are important public health and social infrastructure, yet evidence on how older adults\u2019 park-use intentions are associated with visitation and Social interaction remains limited, particularly in densely populated Global South cities. This study applied an extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) framework to examine behavioral and contextual factors associated with park use and social interaction among older adults in Karachi, Pakistan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A questionnaire survey was conducted among 576 residents aged 50 years and older. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to examine behavioral intentions, self-reported park-use behavior, social interaction in parks (SIP), and contextual antecedents of perceived behavioral control (PBC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Attitude (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.543,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001), subjective norms (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.516,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001), and PBC (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.306,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001) were positively associated with behavioral intention. Behavioral intention was positively associated with park-use behavior (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.369,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). Park-use behavior (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.469,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001) and behavioral intentions (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.372,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001) were positively associated with SIP. Government\/community support (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.445,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001) and facilities\/accessibility (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.308,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001) were positively associated with PBC. Park-use behavior significantly mediated the association between behavioral intention and SIP.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Older adults\u2019 park use and social interaction were associated with attitudes, social norms, perceived control, and supportive physical and governance conditions. The findings suggest that urban parks can function as age-supportive social infrastructure when accessible facilities are complemented by reliable maintenance, safety measures, community support, and initiatives encouraging regular park visitation and social engagement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1892114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T04:31:42Z","timestamp":1789533102000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Urban parks as social infrastructure: behavioral pathways to social interaction in densifying cities"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Noman","family":"Sahito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture and City Design, College of Design and Built Environment, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","place":["Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (IRC-SES), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","place":["Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Almahdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture and City Design, College of Design and Built Environment, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","place":["Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Smart Mobility and Logistics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","place":["Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Aamir","family":"Basheer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture and City Design, College of Design and Built Environment, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","place":["Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Smart Mobility and Logistics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","place":["Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amjad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (IRC-SES), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","place":["Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals","place":["Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zulfiqar Ali","family":"Lashari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of City and Regional Planning, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology","place":["Jamshoro, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farrukh","family":"Baig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (IRC-SES), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","place":["Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"733","article-title":"Towards global age-friendly cities: determining urban features that promote active aging","volume-title":"J Urban Health","author":"Plouffe","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref2","year":""},{"key":"ref3","year":""},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.66428\/ijppv16i01a001","article-title":"User priorities for inclusive urban park design in a developing country: a case study of Lahore, Pakistan","volume":"16","author":"Baig","year":"2026","journal-title":"Italian J Planning Practice"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENVSCI.2020.04.008","article-title":"Urban green spaces for the social interaction, health and well-being of older people\u2014 an integrated view of urban ecosystem services and socio-environmental justice","volume":"109","author":"Enssle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2004.10.024","article-title":"The significance of parks to physical activity and public health: a conceptual model","volume":"28","author":"Bedimo-Rung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11402","DOI":"10.3390\/IJERPH182111402","article-title":"Effects of urban park quality, environmental perception, and leisure activity on well-being among the older population","volume":"18","author":"Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/J.LANDURBPLAN.2007.04.002","article-title":"Older people\u2019s health, outdoor activity and supportiveness of neighbourhood environments","volume":"83","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Landsc Urban Plan"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/S42413-024-00204-5","article-title":"Understanding the relationship between urban public space and social cohesion: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Qi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Community Well-Being"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.3390\/IJERPH16030452","article-title":"The relationship between social cohesion and urban green space: an avenue for health promotion","volume":"16","author":"Jennings","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.3390\/SU16052088","article-title":"The role of urban parks in promoting social interaction of older adults in China","volume":"16","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4184","DOI":"10.3390\/IJERPH19074184","article-title":"The use of urban parks by older adults in the context of perceived security","volume":"19","author":"Romo P\u00e9rez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref13","year":""},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102780","DOI":"10.1016\/J.HABITATINT.2023.102780","article-title":"Elderly\u2019s intention and use behavior of urban parks: planned behavior perspective","volume":"134","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Habitat Int"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T","article-title":"The theory of planned behavior","volume":"50","author":"Ajzen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Organ Behav Hum Decis Process"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1348\/014466601164939","article-title":"Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: a meta-analytic review","volume":"40","author":"Armitage","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126420","DOI":"10.1016\/J.UFUG.2019.126420","article-title":"Demand for parks and perceived accessibility as key determinants of urban park use behavior","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban For Urban Green"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/J.UFUG.2009.11.003","article-title":"Social interactions in urban parks: stimulating social cohesion?","volume":"9","author":"Peters","year":"2010","journal-title":"Urban For Urban Green"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100383","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CCS.2021.100383","article-title":"Underlying relationships between public urban green spaces and social cohesion: a systematic literature review","volume":"24","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"City Cult Soc"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244477","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1244477","article-title":"The impact of urban green space on the health of middle-aged and older adults","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620076","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1620076","article-title":"Urban green spaces and public health: legal challenges and policy opportunities in green city governance","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1559-1816.2002.TB00236.X","article-title":"Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior","volume":"32","author":"Ajzen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Appl Soc Psychol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127216","DOI":"10.1016\/J.UFUG.2021.127216","article-title":"Visitor access, use, and desired improvements in urban parks","volume":"63","author":"Talal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban For Urban Green"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/01944363.2016.1163238","article-title":"Parks for an aging population: needs and preferences of low-income seniors in Los Angeles","volume":"82","author":"Loukaitou-Sideris","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Plan Assoc"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.3390\/F9080458","article-title":"Speaking \u201cgreen\u201d: a worldwide survey on collaboration among stakeholders in urban park design and management","volume":"9","author":"Ugolini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forests (Basel)"},{"key":"ref26","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100360","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JORT.2020.100360","article-title":"Development of a measurement scale for residents\u2019 attitudes toward leisure activities in urban parks","volume":"33","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Outdoor Recreat Tour"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104254","DOI":"10.1016\/J.LANDURBPLAN.2021.104254","article-title":"What entices older adults to parks? Identification of park features that encourage park visitation, physical activity, and social interaction","volume":"217","author":"Veitch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Landsc Urban Plan"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1504\/IJESD.2023.132083","article-title":"Public parks accessibility analysis through GIS: a case study of Tanddo Allahyar City","volume":"22","author":"Tahiri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Sustain Dev"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.3390\/IJERPH18020574","article-title":"Effectiveness and challenges in local self-governance: multifunctional autonomy in Japan","volume":"18","author":"Ohta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126768","DOI":"10.1016\/J.UFUG.2020.126768","article-title":"Designing parks for older adults: a qualitative study using walk-along interviews","volume":"54","author":"Veitch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban For Urban Green"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663359","DOI":"10.3389\/FPUBH.2025.1663359\/TEXT","article-title":"Assessing urban community parks from an age-friendly perspective: a multi-criteria decision-making approach","volume":"13","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"102566","volume-title":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","author":"Knapova","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.2.249","article-title":"Does changing behavioral intentions engender behavior change? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence","volume":"132","author":"Webb","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4189","DOI":"10.3390\/SU11154189","article-title":"Impact of frequency of visits and time spent in urban green space on subjective well-being","volume":"11","author":"Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14792772143000003","article-title":"Intention\u2014behavior relations: a conceptual and empirical review","volume":"12","author":"Sheeran","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Rev Soc Psychol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.3390\/IJERPH110201444","article-title":"Understanding older adults\u2019 usage of community green spaces in Taipei, Taiwan","volume":"11","author":"Pleson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/J.LANDURBPLAN.2012.05.007","article-title":"The contribution of local parks to neighbourhood social ties","volume":"109","author":"Ka\u017amierczak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Landsc Urban Plan"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1108\/ARCH-04-2021-0100","article-title":"Engaging in social interaction: relationships between the accessibility of path structure and intensity of passive social interaction in urban parks","volume":"16","author":"Mohammadi Tahroodi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Archnet-IJAR Int J Archit Res"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/J.UFUG.2016.02.009","article-title":"What determines the use of urban green spaces in highly urbanized areas? \u2013 examples from two fast growing Asian cities","volume":"16","author":"Schetke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urban For Urban Green"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/S10745-010-9303-9","article-title":"Green space functionality along an urban gradient in Karachi, Pakistan: a socio-ecological study","volume":"38","author":"Qureshi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Ecol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127969","DOI":"10.1016\/J.UFUG.2023.127969","article-title":"The relationship between urban green space and social health of individuals: a scoping review","volume":"85","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Urban For Urban Green"},{"key":"ref43","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3390\/URBANSCI8040188","article-title":"Community engagement in the management of urban green spaces: prospects from a case study in an emerging economy","volume":"8","author":"Bressane","year":"2024","journal-title":"Urban Sci"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3390\/URBANSCI2030067","article-title":"Access to urban green space in cities of the global south: a systematic literature review","volume":"2","author":"Rigolon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urban Sci"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7966","DOI":"10.3390\/SU14137966","article-title":"Frameworks for urban green infrastructure (UGI) indicators: expert and community outlook toward green climate-resilient cities in Pakistan","volume":"14","author":"Rayan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8059","DOI":"10.3390\/SU15108059","article-title":"Urban green spaces distribution and disparities in congested populated areas: a geographical assessment from Pakistan","volume":"15","author":"Anwar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001391659803000605","article-title":"Green common spaces and the social integration of inner-city older adults","author":"Kweon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ Behav"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/J.HEALTHPLACE.2007.10.007","article-title":"Mingling, observing, and lingering: everyday public spaces and their implications for well-being and social relations","volume":"14","author":"Cattell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.182410","article-title":"Methodology series module 3: cross-sectional studies","volume":"61","author":"Setia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327906MBR3901_4","article-title":"Confidence limits for the indirect effect: distribution of the product and resampling methods","volume":"39","author":"MacKinnon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav Res"},{"key":"ref52","author":"Bureau","year":""},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys210","article-title":"Data resource profile: the World Health Organization study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE)","volume":"41","author":"Kowal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wss.2025.100322","article-title":"The relationship between urban green space and social interaction of the elderly: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Wellbeing, Space and Society"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2023.103809","article-title":"Older people\u2019s needs in urban disaster response: a systematic literature review","volume":"96","author":"Phraknoi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11648\/J.AJTAS.20160501.11","article-title":"Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling","volume":"5","author":"Etikan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Theor Appl Stat"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1177\/1744987120927206","article-title":"Purposive sampling: complex or simple? Research case examples","volume":"25","author":"Campbell","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Res Nurs"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1186\/S12874-020-01138-0","article-title":"Going web or staying paper? The use of web-surveys among older people","volume":"20","author":"Kelfve","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1111\/JGS.12747","article-title":"Systematic review of the use of online questionnaires of older adults","volume":"62","author":"Remillard","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"ref60","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling","author":"Kline","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-3992.2007.00099.x","article-title":"Introduction to structural equation modeling: issues and practical considerations","volume":"26","author":"Lei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Educ Meas Issues Pract"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124187016001004","article-title":"Practical issues in structural modeling","volume":"87","author":"Bentler","year":"1987","journal-title":"Sociol Methods Res"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.2307\/1130296","article-title":"\u201cHow big is big enough?\u201d: sample size and goodness of fit in structural equation models with latent variables","volume":"58","author":"Tanaka","year":"1987","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-80519-7","volume-title":"Partial least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: A Workbook","author":"Hair","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jort.2024.100759","article-title":"Visitors\u2019 experience of using smart facilities in urban parks: a study in Shenzhen","volume":"46","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Outdoor Recreat Tour"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-024-1636-9","article-title":"Willingness to shift towards biogas-fueled bus rapid transit in Karachi, Pakistan","volume":"28","author":"Baig","year":"2024","journal-title":"KSCE J Civ Eng"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1749298","article-title":"Social norms matter: university students\u2019 misbehaviors in the metro carriage","volume":"2021","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Adv Transp"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1108\/EBR-11-2018-0203","article-title":"When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM","volume":"31","author":"Hair","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Bus Rev"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2025.04.022","article-title":"Unsafe driving behavior in the presence of hawkers\u2019 encroachment on urban roads","volume":"113","author":"Munir","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57413-4_15","article-title":"Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. In: Homburg C, Klarmann M, Vomberg A, editors","author":"Sarstedt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Handbook of Market Research"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1108\/IMDS-07-2015-0302","article-title":"Mediation analysis in partial least squares path modelingHelping researchers discuss more sophisticated models","volume":"116","author":"Nitzl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind Manag Data Syst"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.40.3.879","article-title":"Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models","volume":"40","author":"Preacher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2307\/25148781","article-title":"Assimilation of enterprise systems: the effect of institutional pressures and the mediating role of top management1","volume":"31","author":"Liang","year":"2007","journal-title":"MIS Q"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2024.105598","article-title":"Understanding residents\u2019 motivation, psychological involvement, and psychological well-being in urban parks","volume":"157","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2307\/3151312","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Mark Res"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/S11747-014-0403-8","article-title":"A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling","volume":"43","author":"Henseler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Acad Mark Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1892114\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T04:31:55Z","timestamp":1789533115000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1892114\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1892114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1892114","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"article-number":"1892114"}}