{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T06:26:58Z","timestamp":1786602418915,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Methicillin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MRSA) is a bacterial pathogen resistant to several widely used antibiotics. Although MRSA has historically been associated with hospital- and community-associated infections, livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) has emerged as a public health concern worldwide. While the majority of studies on LA-MRSA have focused on the CC398 lineage, little is known about the other lineages circulating in livestock. This study reports the whole-genome sequencing (WGS)-based characterization of 17 non-CC398 MRSA isolates with\n                      <jats:italic>spa<\/jats:italic>\n                      types typically associated with human infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The isolates were collected from healthy food-producing farm animals in Belgium between 2011 and 2021. WGS was used for typing and detecting antimicrobial resistance (AMR), virulence genes, and plasmids. Core genome multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based phylogenomic analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between isolates and to compare them with publicly available genomic data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Five sequence types (STs) were identified: ST1 (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f1), ST22 (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f6), ST80 (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f1), ST239 (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f8), and ST612 (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f1), all belonging to clonal complexes other than the typical livestock-associated CC398. For ST22 and ST239, we identified several isolates that showed very high genomic similarity, indicating either transmission between farms or acquisition from a common source. For ST239, we identified a shared lineage among isolates collected from laying hens and cattle throughout the study period. A comparison with public datasets revealed a high genomic similarity between the isolates from this study and globally circulating human-associated lineages, suggesting shared ancestry and clonal spread rather than direct evidence of zoonotic transmission.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides insights into the genomic diversity, spread, and potential public health relevance of non-CC398 MRSA lineages circulating in Belgian livestock.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1894809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T05:32:05Z","timestamp":1786599125000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genomic characterization of non-CC398 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Belgian livestock reveals high similarity to human-associated lineages"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bert","family":"Bogaerts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano","place":["Brussels, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole","family":"Kowalewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Bacteriology, Sciensano","place":["Brussels, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigrid C. J.","family":"De Keersmaecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano","place":["Brussels, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy H. C.","family":"Roosens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano","place":["Brussels, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Vanneste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano","place":["Brussels, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Boland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Bacteriology, Sciensano","place":["Brussels, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.51.3.233","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in 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