{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:52:07Z","timestamp":1791348727769,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to explore Saudi mothers' caregiving experiences with particular attention to the activities, responsibilities, and emotional labor involved in maintaining family health and wellbeing. Using Razavi's care diamond framework, the study examines how these experiences are shaped by interactions across the family, state, market, and community sectors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An exploratory qualitative design was employed. Data were collected through six focus groups and four semi-structured individual interviews with 21 Saudi mothers recruited via purposive maximum variation sampling to capture diverse socioeconomic, caregiving, and geographical circumstances across Saudi Arabia. Sessions were conducted in Arabic, audio-recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed using deductive thematic analysis guided by the four sectors of the care diamond framework.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six themes were identified: (1) mothers' caregiving work as activities and responsibilities; (2) caregiving, maternal meaning, and challenges to physical wellbeing; (3) gaps between state support and mothers' caregiving needs; (4) beyond the state: market and community role in caregiving; (5) the role of other caregivers in supporting mothers' caregiving; and (6) monetary valuation, recognition, and integration of unpaid care within the national economy. The care system was found to be income-stratified, shifting between semi-shared and near-unshared arrangements according to households' access to market-based services, with uneven support and limited coordination across sectors leaving caregiving concentrated within families and falling disproportionately on mothers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Saudi mothers function as de facto care coordinators within an income-stratified care system that shifts between semi-shared and near-unshared arrangements, where inconsistent, poorly coordinated support leaves unpaid caregiving labor unrecognized and concentrated within families, particularly on mothers. Policies should formally recognize, redistribute, and support unpaid care work in alignment with Vision 2030 goals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1897571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:46:48Z","timestamp":1791348408000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Saudi mothers' experiences of caregiving within the care economy: a care diamond analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Atheer","family":"AlSaif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University","place":["Dammam, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sama'a","family":"AlMubarak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University","place":["Dammam, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faisal","family":"Albagmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University","place":["Dammam, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Peng\n              I\n            \n          \n          The Care Economy: A New Research Framework\n          \n          2019"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/sp\/jxr026","article-title":"Care workers, care drain, and care chains: reflections on care, migration, and citizenship","volume":"19","author":"Lutz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc Polit Int Stud Gend State Soc."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1111\/josi.12507","article-title":"Gendered share of housework and the COVID-19 pandemic: examining self-ratings and speculation of others in Germany, India, Nigeria, and South Africa","volume":"79","author":"Obioma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Soc Issues."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/1035304620983608","article-title":"Work-from-home during COVID-19: accounting for the care economy to build back better","volume":"32","author":"Jenkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Econ Labour Relat Rev."},{"key":"B5","unstructured":"Towards-A-Resilient-Care-Ecosystem-in-Asia-and-the-Pacific\n          \n          2022"},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"Care Work and Care Jobs for the Future of Decent Work","author":"Addati","year":"2018"},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"GDP (Current US$). 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