{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:10:18Z","timestamp":1788952218816,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To systematically evaluate existing risk prediction models for enteral feeding intolerance (EFI) in critically ill patients, with the aim of providing evidence-based references for clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database, China Biology Medicine Disc (CBM), and VIP Database were systematically searched from database inception to November 20, 2025. Studies that developed or validated risk prediction models for enteral feeding intolerance in adult critically ill patients were included. Data extraction was conducted using the CHARMS checklist, and the risk of bias and applicability of the included studies were assessed using the PROBAST tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 25 studies were included, involving 25 risk prediction models for enteral feeding intolerance. Sample sizes ranged from 118 to 1,584 patients, and the incidence of EFI ranged from 26.25 to 61.3%. APACHE II score, blood glucose, mechanical ventilation, age, albumin, and intra-abdominal pressure were relatively frequently reported predictors, but no single predictor was consistently identified across all models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Existing risk prediction models for enteral feeding intolerance in critically ill patients demonstrate certain predictive value; however, the methodological quality varies considerably, and external validation is insufficient. Future studies should conduct large-scale, multicenter, prospective research and adopt standardized methodological procedures to develop and validate prediction models, thereby improving their clinical applicability and generalizability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD420261281618<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier (CRD420261281618).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1900308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T10:16:10Z","timestamp":1788948970000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk prediction models for enteral feeding intolerance in critically ill patients: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yuting","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University\/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunxia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University\/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xijun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University\/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University\/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1304623","article-title":"Nutrition in the acute phase of critical illness","volume":"370","author":"Casaer","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-5614(02)00215-7","article-title":"The impact of malnutrition on morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stay and costs evaluated through a multivariate model analysis","volume":"22","author":"Correia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.08.037","article-title":"ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit","volume":"38","author":"Singer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607115621863","article-title":"Guidelines for the provision and assessment of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition","volume":"40","author":"McClave","year":"2016","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1671-0282.2022.03.004","article-title":"Expert consensus on enteral nutrition therapy for emergency and critically ill patients in China","volume":"31","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S158492","article-title":"The frequency, risk factors, and complications of gastrointestinal dysfunction during enteral nutrition in critically ill patients","volume":"14","author":"Atasever","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-011-2459-y","article-title":"Gastrointestinal function in intensive care patients: terminology, definitions and management. 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