{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:06:57Z","timestamp":1789103217630,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>People who experience incarceration in Canada have been historically more likely to experience poor health than community-based populations. Although incarcerated people are entitled to health care equivalent to community standards, evidence suggests this is inconsistently achieved in Canada. We conducted a narrative review to synthesize contemporary evidence on health status and health care utilization by incarcerated people in Canada, including changes observed during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science for peer-reviewed literature published between January 1, 2014 and July 22, 2026 on the health of adults incarcerated in Canadian provincial, territorial, and federal correctional centers. Both title\/abstract and full-text screening were completed independently by two reviewers, and findings were extracted and synthesized thematically across major health domains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Across the 167 included articles, incarcerated people in Canada experience significantly higher rates of mental illness, substance use disorders, chronic disease, hepatitis C virus infection, and HIV. Mental health and substance use disorders were highly prevalent and often concurrent. Access to reproductive health care and maternal care in custody was limited compared to community care. Health care continuity was disrupted at admission, transfer, and release from correctional centers. These disparities were closely tied to community-based social determinants of health such as poverty, unstable housing, and systemic racism, and mortality risk was highest during transitions in and out of custody, when the risk of overdose death in the weeks following release was greatest.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Incarceration is an important structural determinant of health in Canada that intersects with community-based social determinants of health, contributing to health inequities. To reduce preventable death among people who experience incarceration in Canada, efforts are required to strengthen continuity of care, evaluate the quality of services in correctional centers, and address the social determinants of health and structural inequities that contribute to premature mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1902956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T04:32:33Z","timestamp":1789101153000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The health status of incarcerated people in Canada: a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Amanda","family":"Slaunwhite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia","place":["Vancouver, BC, Canada"]},{"name":"BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Provincial Health Services Authority","place":["Vancouver, BC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sidney","family":"Hoolsema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia","place":["Vancouver, BC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ananya","family":"Ogiral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia","place":["Vancouver, BC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia","place":["Vancouver, BC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sammy","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia","place":["Vancouver, BC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashok","family":"Krishnamoorthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Provincial Health Services Authority","place":["Vancouver, BC, Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia","place":["Vancouver, BC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annabel","family":"Mead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services, Provincial Health Services Authority","place":["Vancouver, BC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth Elwood","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia","place":["Vancouver, BC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0201592","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201592","article-title":"The health care utilization of people in prison and after prison release: a population-based cohort study in Ontario, Canada","volume":"13","author":"Kouyoumdjian","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716639929","article-title":"National prevalence of mental disorders among incoming Canadian male offenders","volume":"61","author":"Beaudette","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatr"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18584\/iipj.2020.11.3.8064","article-title":"\u201cHealing on both sides\u201d: strengthening the effectiveness of prison\u2013indigenous community partnerships through reciprocity and investment","volume":"11","author":"Varcoe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Indig Policy J"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1177\/009885880503100403","article-title":"Prison health, public health: obligations and opportunities","volume":"31","author":"Jacobi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Law Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1192\/BJP.2019.43","article-title":"Prison healthcare services: the need for political courage","volume":"215","author":"Piper","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2014.301883","article-title":"The case for improving the health of ex-prisoners","volume":"104","author":"Kinner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Health and Health Promotion in Prisons","author":"Ross","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners","year":"1955"},{"key":"ref9","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305465","article-title":"Global prison health care governance and health equity: a critical lack of evidence","volume":"110","author":"McLeod","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3138\/canlivj.2019-0007","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus (HCV) care in Canadian correctional facilities: where are we and where do we need to be?","volume":"2","author":"Kronfli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Canad Liver J"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0306075","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0306075","article-title":"Receipt of opioid agonist treatment in provincial correctional facilities in British Columbia is associated with a reduced hazard of nonfatal overdose in the month following release","volume":"19","author":"McLeod","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPH-09-2020-0069","article-title":"Supporting people leaving prisons during COVID-19: perspectives from peer health mentors","volume":"17","author":"McLeod","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Prison Health"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"215","article-title":"Health status of prisoners in Canada","volume":"62","author":"Kouyoumdjian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0293251","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293251","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on opioid toxicity deaths for people who experience incarceration compared to the general population in Ontario: a whole population data linkage study","volume":"18","author":"Butler","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1080\/15564886.2020.1829225","article-title":"British Columbia provincial corrections\u2019 response to the COVID-19 pandemic: a case study of correctional policy and practice","volume":"15","author":"Murdoch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vict Offender"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1139\/FACETS-2021-0029","article-title":"COVID-19 epidemiology in Canada from January to December 2020: the pre-vaccine era","volume":"6","author":"Waldner","year":"2021","journal-title":"FACETS"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.17269\/S41997-020-00426-Y","article-title":"Applying an indigenous and gender-based lens to the exploration of public health and human rights implications of COVID-19 in Canadian correctional facilities","volume":"111","author":"Ryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E165","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac031","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 among incarcerated adult men in Quebec, Canada, 2021","volume":"75","author":"Kronfli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19853-4","article-title":"Risk factors associated with the intensity of COVID-19 outbreaks in Canadian community settings: a retrospective analysis of outbreak-level surveillance data","volume":"24","author":"Dam","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1108\/ijoph-01-2024-0002","article-title":"COVID-19 in correctional facilities in Ontario, Canada: a retrospective epidemiological analysis from 15 January 2020 to 31 December 2022","volume":"20","author":"Zygmunt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Internat J Prison Health."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1177\/1757177416689725","article-title":"Influenza outbreak in a Canadian correctional facility","volume":"18","author":"Besney","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Prev"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380126","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1380126","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hepatitis C virus screening in provincial prisons in Montreal, Quebec, Canada","volume":"12","author":"Kronfli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.29173\/CJS29890","article-title":"Surviving the pandemic on the inside: from crisis governance to caring communities","volume":"46","author":"Fayter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can J Sociol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1017\/cls.2023.15","article-title":"Governing risk through forced confinement: clawback of pre-pandemic reforms","volume":"38","author":"Evans","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can J Law Soc"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E922","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20210248","article-title":"Determinants of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine willingness among people incarcerated in 3 Canadian federal prisons: a cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Romanchuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"CMAJ Open"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0264145","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264145","article-title":"Reasons for COVID-19 vaccine refusal among people incarcerated in Canadian federal prisons","volume":"17","author":"Ortiz-Paredes","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvacx.2022.100150","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to COVID-19 vaccine acceptability among people incarcerated in Canadian federal prisons: a qualitative study","volume":"10","author":"Lessard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine X"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.46747\/cfp.6703215","article-title":"Justice required: vaccination in Canadian prisons","volume":"67","author":"Cervin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3138\/canlivj.2018-0011","article-title":"Contextualizing Canada\u2019s hepatitis C virus epidemic","volume":"1","author":"Krajden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Canadian Liver J"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e454","DOI":"10.17269\/CJPH.106.5132","article-title":"Persons in correctional facilities in Canada: a key population for hepatitis C prevention and control","volume":"106","author":"Kouyoumdjian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.1023","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus prevalence, screening, and treatment among people who are incarcerated in Canada: leaving no one behind in the direct-acting antiviral era","volume":"17","author":"Bartlett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2018.02.002","article-title":"Tattooing in prison: a risk factor for HCV infection among inmates in the Quebec\u2019s provincial correctional system","volume":"28","author":"Poulin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E93","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.171142","article-title":"Care for people with hepatitis C in provincial and territorial prisons","volume":"190","author":"Kronfli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.3138\/canlivj-2020-0035","article-title":"Disparities in hepatitis C care across Canadian provincial prisons: implications for hepatitis C micro-elimination","volume":"4","author":"Kronfli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Canadian Liver J."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPH-12-2015-0041","article-title":"HIV outcomes at a Canadian remand centre","volume":"12","author":"Subramanian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Prison Health"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2019.1679710","article-title":"90-90-90 for everyone?: access to HIV care and treatment for people with HIV who experience imprisonment in Ontario, Canada","volume":"32","author":"Kouyoumdjian","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.17269\/s41997-021-00562-z","article-title":"\u201cThey look at you like you\u2019re contaminated\u201d: how HIV-related stigma shapes access to care for incarcerated women living with HIV in a Canadian setting","volume":"113","author":"Erickson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/1757975916659045","article-title":"Twelve committed men: the feasibility of a community-based participatory HIV-prevention intervention within a Canadian men\u2019s correctional facility","volume":"25","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob Health Promot"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPH-07-2018-0043","article-title":"A cross-sectional evaluation of opt-in testing for sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections in three Canadian provincial correctional facilities: a missed opportunity for public health?","volume":"15","author":"Gratrix","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Prison Health"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1089\/JCHC.21.08.0079","article-title":"A cross-sectional, retrospective evaluation of opt-out sexually transmitted infection screening at admission in a short-term correctional facility in Alberta, Canada","volume":"28","author":"Reekie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Correct Health Care"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3138\/jammi-2022-0036","article-title":"Retrospective review of rates of sexually transmitted and blood-borne infection (STBBI) testing in provincial corrections facilities in Newfoundland and Labrador","volume":"8","author":"Whitten","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Assoc. Med. Microbiol. Infect Dis Canada"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E347","DOI":"10.9778\/CMAJO.20180044","article-title":"Canadian federal penitentiaries as obesogenic environments: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"CMAJ Open"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e024552","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024552","article-title":"How did the tobacco ban increase inmates\u2019 body weight during incarceration in Canadian federal penitentiaries? A cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1089\/jchc.19.04.0039","article-title":"Weight gain and mental health in the Canadian prison population","volume":"27","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Correct Health Care"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0208768","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208768","article-title":"An exploration of reported food intake among inmates who gained body weight during incarceration in Canadian federal penitentiaries","volume":"13","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1177\/1462474515623103","article-title":"You are what you eat: exploring the relationship between women, food, and incarceration","volume":"18","author":"de Graaf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Punish Soc"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1177\/09646639221104253","article-title":"The embodiment of contempt: Ontario provincial prison food","volume":"32","author":"Struthers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc Leg Stud"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/S10612-022-09628-X","article-title":"Exploring carceral food systems as sites of contestation and possibility in Canadian federal prisons: the food services modernization initiative","volume":"31","author":"Wilson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Criminol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/07409710.2024.2405798","article-title":"Slow violence and the coloniality of carceral foodways in Canadian federal prisons","volume":"32","author":"Lachapelle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Foodways"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1108\/ijoph-08-2023-0053","article-title":"Weight gain and social support networks in Canadian federal correctional facilities","volume":"20","author":"Johnson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Prison Health"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X13507040","article-title":"Measuring the prevalence of current, severe symptoms of mental health problems in a Canadian correctional population: implications for delivery of mental health services for inmates","volume":"59","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"100","article-title":"The triple burden experienced by incarcerated people in British Columbia: mental illness, substance use, and poverty","volume":"68","author":"Slaunwhite","year":"2026","journal-title":"BCMJ"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743718762099","article-title":"Mental health screening and differences in access to care among prisoners","volume":"63","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatr"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1192\/BJI.2020.56","article-title":"Psychiatry in the federal correctional system in Canada","volume":"18","author":"Cameron","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJPsych Int"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3138\/cjccj.2016.E03","article-title":"The pains of incarceration: aging, rights, and policy in federal penitentiaries","volume":"59","author":"Iftene","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can J Criminol Crim Justice"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/08974454.2014.909760","article-title":"A call for help: women offenders\u2019 reflections on trauma care","volume":"25","author":"Matheson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Women Crim Justice"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.141419","article-title":"Cruel and usual punishment: solitary confinement in Canadian prisons","volume":"186","author":"Kelsall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E3","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.109-4943","article-title":"Controls over solitary confinement needed","volume":"187","author":"Webster","year":"2015","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/14999013.2018.1451415","article-title":"Mental health screening, treatment, and institutional incidents: a propensity score matched analysis of long-term outcomes of screening","volume":"17","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Forensic Ment Health"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1176\/APPI.PS.202000927","article-title":"Prevalence of mental health needs, substance use, and co-occurring disorders among people admitted to prison","volume":"73","author":"Butler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743718782930","article-title":"Challenges in correctional psychiatry: off-label prescribing","volume":"63","author":"Brink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatr"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743718773734","article-title":"Approved and off-label use of prescribed psychotropic medications among Federal Canadian Inmates","volume":"63","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatr"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1177\/07067437211055414","article-title":"Prevalence of mental health and addiction service use prior to and during incarceration in provincial jails in Ontario, Canada: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"67","author":"Kurdyak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatr"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e048944","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-048944","article-title":"Rates of opioid agonist treatment prescribing in provincial prisons in Ontario, Canada, 2015\u20132018: a repeated cross-sectional analysis","volume":"11","author":"Bodkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPH-02-2020-0012","article-title":"Punitive discontinuation of opioid agonist therapy during incarceration","volume":"16","author":"Marmel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Prison Health"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.09.003","article-title":"Utilization of opioid agonist therapy among incarcerated persons with opioid use disorder in Vancouver, Canada","volume":"193","author":"Bozinoff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15737","article-title":"Opioid agonist treatment uptake within provincial correctional facilities in British Columbia, Canada","volume":"117","author":"Kurz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/JFN.0000000000000213","article-title":"The introduction of prison needle and syringe programs in Canadian federal prisons","volume":"14","author":"Peternelj-Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Forensic Nurs"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2024.104549","article-title":"Using nominal group technique with people who are incarcerated in Canadian federal prisons to identify barriers and solutions to improving prison needle exchange program uptake","volume":"131","author":"Lafferty","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2016.03.011","article-title":"The unmet contraceptive need of incarcerated women in Ontario","volume":"38","author":"Liauw","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.11.068","article-title":"Infant and maternal outcomes for women who experience imprisonment in Ontario, Canada: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"42","author":"Carter Ramirez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1758481","article-title":"The intersection of abortion and criminalization: abortion access for people in prisons","volume":"40","author":"Paynter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2012576","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.12576","article-title":"Quality of antenatal care for women who experience imprisonment in Ontario, Canada","volume":"3","author":"Carter Ramirez","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1177\/0844562120985988","article-title":"Sexual and reproductive health outcomes among incarcerated women in Canada: a scoping review","volume":"54","author":"Paynter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can J Nurs Res"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1080\/19371918.2020.1864556","article-title":"Health access of women in provincial correctional institutions","volume":"36","author":"Zendo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc Work Public Health"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1086\/722105","article-title":"Women in prisons","volume":"51","author":"Bucerius","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crime Justice"},{"key":"ref78","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref79","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref80","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPH-04-2016-0009","article-title":"Access to healthcare services during incarceration among female inmates","volume":"12","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Prison Health"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1177\/1078345818780731","article-title":"Addressing women\u2019s unmet health care needs in a Canadian remand center: catalyst for improved health?","volume":"24","author":"Besney","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Correct Health Care"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334417726057","article-title":"Breastfeeding support for criminalized women in Canada","volume":"33","author":"Paynter","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hum Lact"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3138\/cjwl.31.2.07","article-title":"Vulnerable targets: trans prisoner safety, the law, and sexual violence in the prison system","volume":"31","author":"Boyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can J Women Law"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-025-00389-7","article-title":"Evaluating the association of transferring governance of correctional health care services with overdose and all-cause mortality: a retrospective cohort study in British Columbia, Canada","volume":"14","author":"McQuarrie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Justice"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E907","DOI":"10.9778\/CMAJO.20200243","article-title":"Fatal overdoses after release from prison in British Columbia: a retrospective data linkage study","volume":"9","author":"Kinner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Canadian Med Assoc Open Access J"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1111\/ADD.15293","article-title":"Risk of overdose-related death for people with a history of incarceration","volume":"116","author":"Gan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e249","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00007-4","article-title":"Periods of altered risk for non-fatal drug overdose: a self-controlled case series","volume":"6","author":"Keen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2023.107778","article-title":"Opioid toxicity deaths in black persons who experienced provincial incarceration in Ontario, Canada 2015\u20132020: a population-based study","volume":"177","author":"Owusu-Bempah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev Med (Baltim)"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2024.100961","article-title":"Opioid toxicity deaths in indigenous people who experienced incarceration in Ontario, Canada 2015\u20132020: a whole population retrospective cohort study","volume":"41","author":"Butsang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Region Health Americas"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E487","DOI":"10.1503\/CMAJ.181437","article-title":"Overincarceration of indigenous people: a health crisis","volume":"191","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104018","DOI":"10.1016\/J.DRUGPO.2023.104018","article-title":"Re-incarceration and associated social, structural and behavioural factors among people who use drugs in an urban Canadian setting","volume":"115","author":"Brooks","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref93","first-page":"66","article-title":"From incarceration to reintegration: using the human services model to manage Canadian prisoner mental health","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref94","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref95","author":"Malakieh","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100083","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SSMQR.2022.100083","article-title":"Applying the socio-ecological model to understand community reintegration experiences among individuals on opioid agonist treatment (OAT) released from federal incarceration in Ontario, Canada","volume":"2","author":"Russell","year":"2022","journal-title":"SSM Qual Res Health"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1108\/IJOPH-08-2023-0052\/FULL\/PDF","article-title":"\u201cJust clearly the right thing to do\u201d: perspectives of correctional services leaders on moving governance of health-care in custody","volume":"20","author":"McLeod","year":"2024","journal-title":"Internat J Prison Health"},{"key":"ref98","first-page":"219","article-title":"\u201cA different sense of what we do here, who we are and what we deliver\u201d: provider perspectives on the effects of a change in governance of healthcare services in correctional facilities in British Columbia","volume-title":"Health Serv Manag Res","author":"McLeod","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1902956\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T04:32:42Z","timestamp":1789101162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1902956\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"references-count":98,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1902956"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1902956","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"article-number":"1902956"}}