{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:16:57Z","timestamp":1788419817882,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The installation of outdoor gyms (OGs), also known as the National Fitness Route (NFR) program in China, is increasing in popularity as a government-funded solution to declining population physical activity (PA) levels. However, evidence regarding how these facilities are used and whether they effectively support PA remains limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Systematic\n                      <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                      observations were conducted across four representative NFRs in Yangling District, Shaanxi Province, China, during three seasons. Demographic characteristics, behavioral patterns, and OGs use were recorded using the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC). Behavior mapping and kernel density estimation were used to examine the spatial distribution of activities, and binary logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 9,704 person-observation records were collected, OGs accounted for 15.2% of all observation records, with seniors representing the largest user group. The air walker, leg and waist\/back massager were the most frequently used types of OGs. Sitting, standing, and walking were the predominant activities, and behavioral activities exhibited clear spatial clustering around seating areas, dedicated pathways, and open activity spaces. After adjustment for potential confounders, age, time period, week period, temperature, air quality, and site characteristics were independently associated with MVPA, whereas gender and season were not.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>OGs use represented only a small proportion of activities observed within NFRs, indicating that these spaces function not only as settings for PA but also as important places for recreation and social interaction. Integrating age-appropriate OGs with walking paths, seating areas, tree shade, and flexible open spaces may better support diverse recreational behaviors and promote PA. These findings provide evidence-based guidance for optimizing the planning and spatial design of NFRs to support healthier and more inclusive public fitness environments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1904288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:45:39Z","timestamp":1788417939000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Use behavior and spatial characteristics of National Fitness Routes in China: an in situ observational study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yunxi","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Xinxiang, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoquan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Logistics Management Office, Henan Institute of Technology","place":["Xinxiang, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengwei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Xinxiang, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengyang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Xinxiang, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qisheng","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Xinxiang, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University","place":["Yangling, Shaanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2016-0277","article-title":"Fitness equipment in public parks: frequency of use and community perceptions in a small urban centre","volume":"14","author":"Copeland","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Physical inactivity: a global public health problem","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2016.01.011","article-title":"How is quality of urban green spaces associated with physical activity and health","volume":"16","author":"Akpinar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urban For Urban Green"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.129064","article-title":"Association of park size, distance, and features with physical activity in neighborhood parks","volume":"98","author":"Kaczynski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7416-7","article-title":"Influence of urban green open space on residents' physical activity in China","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1177\/1420326x16663289","article-title":"How are characteristics of urban green space related to levels of physical activity: examining the links","volume":"26","author":"Akpinar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indoor Built Environ"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2020.103950","article-title":"Urban park facility use and intensity of seniors' physical activity -an examination combining accelerometer and GPS tracking","volume":"205","author":"Zhai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Landsc Urban Plan"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2025.2573742","article-title":"Examining the associations between the built environment and older adults\u2019 walking behavior: spatial and distributional heterogeneity","volume":"20","author":"Wei","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Sustain Transp"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105945","article-title":"Playground features and physical activity in US neighborhood parks","volume":"131","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14040448","article-title":"Who is using outdoor fitness equipment and how? 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