{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T06:31:52Z","timestamp":1786516312344,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) have been linked to multiple adverse health outcomes; however, their association with infertility remains unclear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between UPF consumption and infertility risk in adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched from inception to May 31, 2026. Eligible studies assessed UPF intake using validated dietary assessment tools based on the NOVA classification and reported infertility outcomes among adults aged \u226518\u202fyears. Two reviewers independently conducted study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment using the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale and the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. Pooled relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using random-effects models. Heterogeneity was assessed using the\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        I\n                        <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      statistic.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Four studies providing five independent effect estimates and including 8,769 participants (8,118 women and 651 men) were included. In the random-effects model, higher UPF consumption was not significantly associated with infertility risk (RR\u202f=\u202f1.26, 95% CI: 0.94\u20131.69), although the point estimate suggested a positive direction of association. Substantial between-study heterogeneity was present (\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        I\n                        <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f72.0%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.006). In sex-stratified analyses, no significant association was observed among women (RR\u202f=\u202f1.26, 95% CI: 0.79\u20132.00;\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        I\n                        <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f68.4%). Subgroup analyses by study design and exposure assessment yielded no statistically significant associations under random-effects models.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current evidence does not show a statistically robust association between UPF consumption and infertility under random-effects models, although estimates consistently suggest a positive trend. Evidence remains limited by few studies, substantial heterogeneity, and self-reported outcomes. Larger prospective, sex-specific studies are needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1906808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T06:00:13Z","timestamp":1786514413000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ultra-processed food consumption and risk of infertility in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yanzhong","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Genetics, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College","place":["Changzhi, Shanxi, China"]},{"name":"Institute of Reproduction and Genetics of Changzhi Medical College","place":["Changzhi, Shanxi, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Changzhi Medical College","place":["Changzhi, Shanxi, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Reproduction Engineer of Shanxi Health Committee","place":["Changzhi, Shanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Genetics, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College","place":["Changzhi, Shanxi, China"]},{"name":"Institute of Reproduction and Genetics of Changzhi Medical College","place":["Changzhi, Shanxi, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Changzhi Medical College","place":["Changzhi, Shanxi, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Reproduction Engineer of Shanxi Health Committee","place":["Changzhi, Shanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Genetics, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College","place":["Changzhi, Shanxi, China"]},{"name":"Institute of Reproduction and Genetics of Changzhi Medical College","place":["Changzhi, Shanxi, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Changzhi Medical College","place":["Changzhi, Shanxi, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Reproduction Engineer of Shanxi Health Committee","place":["Changzhi, Shanxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e773","DOI":"10.1016\/s2214-109x(22)00215-7","article-title":"Infertility-why the silence?","volume":"10","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"hoac051","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoac051","article-title":"Infertility prevalence and the methods of estimation from 1990 to 2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2022","author":"Cox","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Open"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deae292","article-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence and trends of infertility among individuals of reproductive age (15-49 years) from 1990 to 2021, with projections to 2040","volume":"40","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmad028","article-title":"Declining global fertility rates and the implications for family planning and family building: an IFFS consensus document based on a narrative review of the literature","volume":"30","author":"Fauser","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-11-66","article-title":"Lifestyle factors and reproductive health: taking control of your fertility","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1682549","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1682549","article-title":"Diet and female fertility: a population-based study re-evaluating the need for prescriptive dietary patterns","volume":"12","author":"Alesi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15112589","article-title":"Can dietary patterns impact fertility outcomes? 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