{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T06:12:43Z","timestamp":1788502363434,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\/objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pathogen access and benefit-sharing (PABS) sits between two practical needs. Public health depends on rapid access to pathogen materials and sequence information, while countries also seek a fair share of the benefits arising from their use. Comparative evidence on the domestic rules governing this exchange remains limited. This study maps national PABS frameworks and examines what their variation may mean for the emerging WHO PABS System.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study conducted a systematic mapping and comparative analysis across all 193 United Nations Member States. International legal databases, official national sources, and targeted searches were used to identify relevant binding frameworks. Legally enforceable policies were identified, and data were extracted across the following four aspects of PABS legislation: (1) Resource Classification, (2) Access Protocols, (3) Benefit-Sharing, and (4) Regulatory Mechanism. Country-level sources, screening decisions, and coding rules are documented in the\n                      <jats:xref>Supplementary materials<\/jats:xref>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ninety-three countries had confirmed frameworks covering pathogen-related genetic resources, while three cases remained legally unclear. Restricted access and formal requirements for prior authorization, benefit-sharing, and compliance were common among confirmed frameworks. DSI was less settled. National approaches ranged from explicit inclusion or exclusion to silence, and the pattern differed markedly across regions. Contractual requirements and legal sanctions also varied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The national PABS landscape is fragmented rather than convergent. A future WHO PABS System will have to operate across different domestic approaches to authorization, documentation, sequence information, and benefit-sharing. More predictable interfaces between national systems may therefore be more workable than uniform national legislation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1908687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T05:29:56Z","timestamp":1788499796000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Navigating the policy landscape: a systematic mapping review of national access and benefit-sharing frameworks for pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ruiyu","family":"Geng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of International Law, Wuhan University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of International Law, Wuhan University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108676076","volume-title":"Viral Sovereignty and Technology Transfer: The Changing Global System for Sharing Pathogens for Public Health Research","author":"Halabi","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"COVID-19: Make It the Last Pandemic","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.13871\/j.cnki.whuilr.2022.02.005","article-title":"Regulation of international law on access of infectious disease virus samples and genetic sequence data","volume":"6","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wuhan Univ Int Law Rev"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS)","year":""},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"Celebrating 70 Years of the Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.14086\/j.cnki.wujss.2021.01.009","article-title":"The process and challenges in China\u2019s implementation of the convention on biological diversity","volume":"74","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wuhan Univ J Philos Soc Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9388.00346","article-title":"The Bonn guidelines on access to genetic resources and benefit sharing","volume":"12","author":"Tully","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev Eur Community Int Environ Law"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"The Bonn Guidelines","year":""},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"Strengthening Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and Response","year":""},{"key":"ref10","volume-title":"International Health Regulations (2005)","year":""},{"key":"ref11","volume-title":"Avian and Pandemic Influenza: Application of the International Health Regulations (2005). 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