{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T06:02:21Z","timestamp":1789970541234,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Food\u2013drug interactions (FDIs) and drug\u2013nutrient interactions (DNIs) can significantly affect therapeutic outcomes and patient safety. Clinical nutrition specialists play a key role in identifying and managing these interactions; however, their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding FDIs and DNIs remain insufficiently explored in Saudi Arabia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted among 353 licensed clinical nutrition specialists across Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using a validated self-administered questionnaire. Three separate multivariable linear regression models were developed to examine factors associated with knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Forest plots were generated to visualize the adjusted associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical nutrition specialists had a mean knowledge score of 6.44\u202f\u00b1\u202f4.08 out of 15, a mean attitude score of 31.38\u202f\u00b1\u202f6.17 out of 40, and a mean practice score of 20.26\u202f\u00b1\u202f5.96 out of 30. Higher knowledge scores were associated with having a doctoral degree, previous attendance at FDIs\/DNIs training courses, exposure to FDIs\/DNIs topics during university education, and managing patients with digestive or cardiovascular diseases. Attitude scores showed a mixed relationship with education and training: they were higher among those with a Master\u2019s degree but lower among those with a doctoral degree or prior formal training, and were also associated with employment in the private sector, management of cardiovascular diseases, and knowledge scores. Better practice scores were associated with higher knowledge and attitude scores, whereas a longer time since graduation was associated with lower practice scores; neither educational attainment nor formal training remained independently associated with practice scores in the adjusted model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Saudi clinical nutrition specialists demonstrated positive attitudes but had important knowledge and practice gaps regarding FDIs and DNIs. Higher educational attainment and formal training were consistently associated with greater knowledge, but their relationship with attitudes was inconsistent, and neither was independently associated with practice. These domain-specific patterns highlight the importance of strengthening undergraduate curricula, pairing continuing professional development with attention to its effect on practitioner attitudes, and improving access to clinical decision-support tools.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1914823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T05:36:15Z","timestamp":1789968975000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Factors associated with knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding food-drug interactions and drug-nutrient interactions among clinical nutrition specialists in Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ohaad Fahad","family":"Awlya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University","place":["Makkah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howeida","family":"Abusalih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saad A.","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University","place":["Buraydah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Saudi Electronic University","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majd","family":"Jan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeer","family":"Bahathig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University","place":["Arar, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Buthaina M.","family":"Aljehany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Nutrition Department, Human Sciences and Design Faculty, King Abdulaziz University","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nada","family":"Benajiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ibn Tofail University-CNESTEN, Joint Research Unit in Nutrition and Food, RDC-Nutrition AFRA\/IAEA","place":["Rabat, Kenitra, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1159\/000115345","article-title":"Food and drug interaction: consequences for the nutrition\/health status","volume":"52","author":"Genser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2011.09.002","article-title":"Drug\u2013nutrient interactions: a broad view with implications for practice","volume":"112","author":"Boullata","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2011.21","article-title":"Food\u2013drug interactions","volume":"26","author":"Bushra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oman Med 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