{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T05:19:07Z","timestamp":1787548747002,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nearly four million LGBTQ+ adults aged 50 and older live in the U.S., with up to 40,000 currently living with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). However, little is known about PD-related symptoms in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From 2022 to 2025, we conducted a national cross-sectional study using a convenience sample of LGBTQ+ and non-LGBTQ+ individuals living with PD (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f254). We administered validated PD and health-related measures to examine physical, mental and social health symptoms. Bivariate and regression models examined differences in symptom burden between LGBTQ+ and non-LGBTQ+ participants, as well as associations with sociodemographic characteristics and social determinants of health.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The sample included 89 LGBTQ+ and 165 non-LGBTQ+ individuals living with PD. On average, LGBTQ+ participants were 5.3\u202fyears younger than their non-LGBTQ+ counterparts (mean age: 62.9 vs. 68.3). Compared with non-LGBTQ+ participants, LGBTQ+ individuals living with PD were more likely to report anxiety (53.9% vs. 33.3%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.002), moderate-to-severe motor impairments (32.2% vs. 19.4%\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.024), and loneliness (18.8% vs. 8.5%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.037). Regarding social determinants of health, younger age, identifying as a person of color, and experiencing healthcare discrimination were associated with higher odds of reporting moderate-to-severe PD-related symptoms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights potential disparities in PD-related symptoms, with LGBTQ+ individuals, persons of color, and those experiencing healthcare discrimination being more likely to report physical, mental and social health challenges. There is a need for further research on the health needs of diverse populations living with PD, including LGBTQ+ adults, as well as the development of tailored and inclusive healthcare strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1928319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T04:24:20Z","timestamp":1787545460000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Parkinson\u2019s research with inclusion, diversity and equity (PRIDE): examining Parkinson\u2019s disease symptoms among LGBTQ+ and non-LGBTQ+ adults"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jason","family":"Flatt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas","place":["Las Vegas, NV, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittany","family":"Klenczar-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas","place":["Las Vegas, NV, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney","family":"Kenney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas","place":["Las Vegas, NV, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binita","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas","place":["Las Vegas, NV, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krystal","family":"Kittle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Education, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst","place":["Amherst, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Pharr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Global Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas","place":["Las Vegas, NV, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Rook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas","place":["Las Vegas, NV, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emylia","family":"Terry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Global Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas","place":["Las Vegas, NV, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e080952","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-080952bmj-2024-080952","article-title":"Projections for prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s disease and its driving factors in 195 countries and territories to 2050: modelling study of global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"388","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2401857","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"391","author":"Tanner","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1664934","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1664934","article-title":"Top motor and non-motor complaints in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Baizabal-Carvallo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15630-8","article-title":"Associations of cognitive dysfunction with motor and non-motor symptoms in patients with de novo Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Kwon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.100870","article-title":"The impact of psychiatric comorbidity on Parkinson\u2019s disease outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Burchill","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-025-02882-7","article-title":"Impact of diabetes mellitus type two on incidence and progression of Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review of longitudinal patient cohorts","volume":"132","author":"Stockmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-313642","article-title":"Statins are underused in recent-onset Parkinson\u2019s disease with increased vascular risk: findings from the UK Tracking Parkinson\u2019s and Oxford Parkinson\u2019s Disease Centre (OPDC) discovery cohorts","volume":"87","author":"Swallow","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"Healthy People 2030","year":""},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1037\/2329-0382.1.S.3","article-title":"Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence","volume":"129","author":"Meyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2024.2350096","article-title":"Risk of impairment in cognitive instrumental activities of daily living for sexual and gender minority adults with reported Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"39","author":"Bayram","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbad046","article-title":"Perceived discrimination in health care for LGBTQIA+ people living with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"78","author":"Bayram","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Gerontol Ser B"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30328-9","article-title":"Large-scale identification of clinical and genetic predictors of motor progression in patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson\u2019s disease: a longitudinal cohort study and validation","volume":"16","author":"Latourelle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21198","article-title":"Movement Disorder Society\u2013sponsored revision of the unified Parkinson\u2019s disease rating scale (MDS-UPDRS): process, format, and clinimetric testing plan","volume":"22","author":"Goetz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.10.026","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease severity levels and MDS-unified Parkinson\u2019s disease rating scale","volume":"21","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00edn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02933-4","article-title":"Caregiver burden in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a mixed-methods study","volume":"21","author":"Geerlings","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13390-9","article-title":"Nonmotor fluctuations in Parkinson\u2019s disease: impact on caregiving and quality of life","volume":"272","author":"Ledda","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2025.105299","article-title":"Factors impacting caregiver burden in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"174","author":"Sin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/aft065","article-title":"Validation and internal consistency of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for major depression in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"42","author":"Chagas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027504268574","article-title":"A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: results from two population-based studies","volume":"26","author":"Hughes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Res Aging"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1080\/08870449708406741","article-title":"The PDQ-8: development and validation of a short-form Parkinson\u2019s disease questionnaire","volume":"12","author":"Jenkinson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol Health"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocz082","article-title":"A digital health research platform for community engagement, recruitment, and retention of sexual and gender minority adults in a national longitudinal cohort study\u2014the PRIDE study","volume":"26","author":"Lunn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2010.08.012","article-title":"Determinants of health-related quality of life in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Soh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/00914150231171838","article-title":"Health disparities among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer older adults: a structural competency approach","volume":"98","author":"Lampe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Aging Hum Dev"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2021.0009","article-title":"Health disparities among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and nonbinary adults 50 years old and older in the United States","volume":"8","author":"Pharr","year":"2021","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12197","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.12197","article-title":"Subjective cognitive decline higher among sexual and gender minorities in the United States, 2015\u20132018","volume":"7","author":"Flatt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement Transl Res Clin Interv"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2023.0095","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in sexual and gender minority groups: a scoping review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Romanelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-21236-8","article-title":"Exploring the stigma experienced by people affected by Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Crooks","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2023.105867","article-title":"Mental health disparities and the role of perceived discrimination among Latinx individuals living with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"116","author":"Jones","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3037","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-016-1329-z","article-title":"Stigma as a key determinant of health-related quality of life in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-160851","article-title":"The key determinants to quality of life in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients: results from the Parkinson\u2019s disease biomarker program (PDBP)","volume":"6","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2009.11.012","article-title":"Social and clinical determinants of quality of life in Parkinson\u2019s disease in a Russian cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Winter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2011.189","article-title":"Depression in Parkinson disease\u2014epidemiology, mechanisms and management","volume":"8","author":"Aarsland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v3.i8.682","article-title":"Depressive symptoms in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"3","author":"Baquero","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.5152\/alphapsychiatry.2023.231253","article-title":"Prevalence and influencing factors of depression in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alpha Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e074618","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-074618","article-title":"Social deprivation and exclusion in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study","volume":"13","author":"Heimrich","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1928319\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T04:24:21Z","timestamp":1787545461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1928319\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1928319"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1928319","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"article-number":"1928319"}}