{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:05:27Z","timestamp":1790661927237,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dietary supplement (DS) use is widespread in Saudi Arabia, but high prevalence does not by itself indicate informed use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding dietary supplements among adults residing in Saudi Arabia and to identify factors independently associated with use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A structured, self-administered Arabic questionnaire adapted from published KAP instruments was distributed online by non-probability convenience sampling to adults (\u226518\u202fyears) residing in Saudi Arabia between 14 March and 14 June 2026; the achieved sample was predominantly young, male, and Riyadh-based. Current DS use, the dependent variable, was defined as agreement (\u201cagree\u201d or \u201cstrongly agree\u201d) with the item \u201cDo you currently use dietary supplements?\u201d and coded 1\u202f=\u202fcurrent user, 0\u202f=\u202fnon-user. Associations were examined using chi-square tests and multivariable binary logistic regression, expressed as adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 725 respondents, 291 (40.1%) were current users. Although 97.4% had heard of DS, only 32.0% agreed that they knew the correct doses; the internet was the leading information source (57.0%), whereas pharmacists were named by 3.9%. Attitudes were favorable (82.9% agreed DS are safe when used correctly). Among users, daily use (69.4%) and vitamins (83.5%) predominated, and 56.4% had consulted a health professional. In the multivariable model (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f666; 270 users), following a special diet was associated with higher odds of use (aOR 2.44, 95% CI 1.55\u20133.85). Relative to the reference categories of excellent self-rated knowledge and positive attitude, moderate (aOR 0.34, 0.22\u20130.53) and poor self-rated knowledge (aOR 0.11, 0.06\u20130.20) and neutral (aOR 0.40, 0.27\u20130.59) and negative attitudes (aOR 0.07, 0.03\u20130.20) were associated with lower odds; equivalently, users rated their own knowledge more highly and held more favorable attitudes than non-users.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this convenience sample, DS use was common and attitudinally endorsed, yet self-rated dosing competence was limited, and the routine information channel was dominated by online sources, even though 56.4% of users consulted a professional before starting. Knowledge and attitudes were associated with use, but the cross-sectional design cannot establish the direction of these associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1929339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:50:42Z","timestamp":1790661042000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Knowledge and attitudes as correlates of dietary supplement use among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional online survey of a predominantly Riyadh-based convenience sample"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nawaf W.","family":"Alruwaili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Alsenaidy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Suhluli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hatem","family":"Alahmari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Alafif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aljazi Bin","family":"Zarah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"May A.","family":"Alshahwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3320","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15153320","article-title":"A global overview of dietary supplements: regulation, market trends, usage during the COVID-19 pandemic, and health effects","volume":"15","author":"Djaoudene","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2024.2419434","article-title":"DSHEA 1994 \u2013 celebrating 30 years of dietary supplement regulation in the United States","volume":"22","author":"Wallace","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Diet Suppl"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.133025","article-title":"Dietary supplement use in the United States, 2003\u20132006","volume":"141","author":"Bailey","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Dietary supplement use among adults: United States, 2017\u20132018. 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