{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:59:56Z","timestamp":1790315996011,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neighborhood-level opportunity plays a critical but underexplored role in shaping a child's early developmental outcomes. We hypothesized that higher neighborhood opportunities would be associated with higher developmental outcomes in early childhood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This observational cohort study included children from Northern Virginia, born between 2020 to 2023. At age 2\u20133 years, children completed the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (BSID-III). Zip-code level neighborhood opportunity scores were derived from the Child Opportunity Index (COI). Associations between COI scores and BSID-III cognitive, language and motor outcomes were examined, with consideration of maternal education and child ethnicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COI scores were positively associated with BSID-III cognitive and language outcomes, showing a consistent gradient across geographical levels. The social\/economic subdomain showed the strongest associations. No associations were observed in motor outcomes. Maternal education explained slightly more variance in developmental outcomes than the COI, though the difference was not significant. Hispanic\/Latino children scored lower than non-Hispanic\/Latino peers across all geographical levels, with the largest disparities in low health\/environment neighborhoods. Lower neighborhood opportunity is associated with poorer developmental outcomes; with disparities most pronounced among Hispanic\/Latino children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings underscore the need for focused interventions addressing neighborhood and family-level resources to better support early child development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1934241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:32:18Z","timestamp":1790314338000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The child opportunity index and developmental outcomes in early childhood"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Manuela","family":"Iglesias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zickler Family Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Children's National Hospital","place":["Washington, DC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniella S.","family":"McCausland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zickler Family Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Children's National Hospital","place":["Washington, DC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malavika","family":"Mahendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences","place":["Washington, DC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Gordish-Dressman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, Children's National Hospital","place":["Washington, DC, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences","place":["Washington, DC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Inova L.J. Murphy Children's Hospital","place":["Fairfax, VA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Ursini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus","place":["Baltimore, MD, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah B.","family":"Mulkey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zickler Family Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Children's National Hospital","place":["Washington, DC, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences","place":["Washington, DC, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences","place":["Washington, DC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"The foundations of lifelong health are built in early childhood\n          \n          2010"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29500","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.29500","article-title":"Early childhood development and social determinants","volume":"14","author":"Likhar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(02)00655-4","article-title":"The effectiveness of early childhood development programs: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Anderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1162\/0898929042304796","article-title":"Sensitive periods in the development of the brain and behavior","volume":"16","author":"Knudsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii102","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/dav031","article-title":"Early childhood development and the social determinants of health inequities","volume":"30","author":"Moore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Promot Int"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0001642","article-title":"Maternal education prospectively predicts child neurocognitive function: an environmental influences on child health outcomes study","volume":"60","author":"Morales","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev Psychol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2014.122","article-title":"Social inequalities in early childhood health and development: a European-wide systematic review","volume":"76","author":"Pillas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/10888691.2014.924355","article-title":"Exposure to neighborhood affluence and poverty in childhood and adolescence and academic achievement and behavior","volume":"18","author":"Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl Dev Sci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2017.04.012","article-title":"A review of neighborhood effects and early child development: how, where, and for whom, do neighborhoods matter?","volume":"46","author":"Minh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2014.0679","article-title":"The child opportunity index: improving collaboration between community development and public health","volume":"33","author":"Acevedo-Garcia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2023.113649","article-title":"Child opportunity index: a multidimensional indicator to measure neighborhood conditions influencing children's health","volume":"264","author":"Ferrara","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.7.1137","article-title":"Area deprivation and widening inequalities in US mortality, 1969-1998","volume":"93","author":"Singh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.7326\/M13-2946","article-title":"\u201cNeighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and 30-day rehospitalization: a retrospective cohort study\u201d Ann Intern Med","volume":"161","author":"Kind","year":"2014"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/FCH.0000000000000421","article-title":"Social vulnerability index and health outcomes in the United States: a systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Higginbotham","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fam Commun Health."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100533","article-title":"Association between neighborhood opportunity, cognitive function, and brain structure in youths","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Glob Open Sci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2024067873","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2024-067873","article-title":"The child opportunity index and children's health: a meta-analysis","volume":"155","author":"Tyris","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2432766","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.32766","article-title":"Neighborhood child opportunity and preterm birth rates by race and ethnicity","volume":"7","author":"Belanoff","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2247957","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.47957","article-title":"Associations of neighborhood opportunity and social vulnerability with trajectories of childhood body mass index and obesity among US children","volume":"5","author":"Aris","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11852-z","article-title":"Examining the effectiveness of place-based interventions to improve public health and reduce health inequalities: an umbrella review","volume":"21","author":"McGowan","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2015.09.006","article-title":"Can the neighborhood built environment make a difference in children's development? Building the research agenda to create evidence for place-based children's policy","volume":"16","author":"Villanueva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00453-7","article-title":"Children's health-related quality of life, neighbourhood socio-economic deprivation and social capital. A contextual analysis","volume":"57","author":"Drukker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Social Sci Med"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2015.04.003","article-title":"Neighborhood economic disadvantage and children's cognitive and social-emotional development: Exploring Head Start classroom quality as a mediating mechanism","volume":"32","author":"McCoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Early Childhood Res Quart"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(17)30024-X","article-title":"Effects of poverty on interacting biological systems underlying child development","volume":"1","author":"Jensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00364","article-title":"The relation of preschool child-care quality to children's cognitive and social developmental trajectories through second grade","volume":"72","author":"Peisner-Feinberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"B25","first-page":"9","article-title":"Brain development and the role of experience in the early years","volume":"30","author":"Tierney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zero Three"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716217729471","article-title":"Maternal education, changing family circumstances, and children's skill development in the United States and UK","volume":"674","author":"Jackson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Sci."},{"key":"B27","volume-title":"Bayley scales of infant and toddler development","author":"Bayley","year":"2006"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374177-6.10002-9","article-title":"The Bayley-III cognitive scale","author":"Armstrong","year":"2010","journal-title":"In Bayley-III Clinical Use and Interpretation"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374177-6.10003-0","article-title":"The Bayley-III language scale","author":"Crais","year":"2010","journal-title":"In Bayley-III Clinical Use and Interpretation"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374177-6.10004-2","article-title":"The Bayley-III Motor Scale","author":"Case-Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bayley-III Clinical Use and Interpretation"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-03902-8","article-title":"Pediatric research with impact: connecting families to developmental resources","volume":"98","author":"Iglesias","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1542\/pedsos.2025-000802","article-title":"\u201cVirginia locality and perinatal health: an ecologic study using the child opportunity index 3.0.\u201d","volume":"2","author":"LoCasale-Crouch","year":"2026"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform."},{"key":"B34","first-page":"231","article-title":"Stata statistical software: release 15 college station, TX","volume":"5","author":"StataCorp","year":"2013","journal-title":"StataCorp, LP."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5972","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19105972","article-title":"Understanding the influence of community-level determinants on children's social and emotional well-being: a systems science and participatory approach","volume":"19","author":"Poon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2010.20","article-title":"Underestimation of developmental delay by the new Bayley-III Scale","volume":"164","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med."},{"key":"B37","unstructured":"Nurturing care for early childhood development\n          \n          2018"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.754","article-title":"Neuroscience, molecular biology, and the childhood roots of health disparities: building a new framework for health promotion and disease prevention","volume":"301","author":"Shonkoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Investing in our future: the Evidence Base on Preschool Education","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2013"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.7758\/rsf.2016.2.2.05","article-title":"Can early childhood interventions decrease inequality of economic opportunity?","volume":"2","author":"Magnuson","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSF."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2005.11.002","article-title":"How social contexts support and shape language development","volume":"26","author":"Hoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev Rev."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1044\/2022_AJSLP-21-00326","article-title":"We need to talk about social inequalities in language development","volume":"31","author":"Di Sante","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Speech-Language Pathol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02817-7","article-title":"Screening for language and speech delays in children under five years","volume":"21","author":"Julien","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000855","article-title":"Miller JS. Provider responses to positive developmental screening: disparities in referral practices?","volume":"42","author":"Wallis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatric"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2012.01768.x","article-title":"Fine motor skills and executive function both contribute to kindergarten achievement","volume":"83","author":"Cameron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-018-3986-4","article-title":"Infant\/toddler motor skills as predictors of cognition and language in children with and without positional skull deformation","volume":"35","author":"Collett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child's Nervous System."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.2.649S","article-title":"A review of studies on the effect of iron deficiency on cognitive development in children","author":"Grantham-McGregor","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12102","article-title":"Nutrition and brain development in early life","volume":"72","author":"Prado","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr Rev."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1134","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0698","article-title":"Developmental trajectories from birth to school age in healthy term-born children","volume":"126","author":"Roze","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.05.001","article-title":"The double burden of malnutrition and gross motor development in infants: A cross-sectional study","volume":"42","author":"Cavagnari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003209","article-title":"Genetic and environmental effects on the early motor development as a function of parental educational attainment","volume":"55","author":"Zi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B52","unstructured":"Child Opportunity Index 3.0\u20132023\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2012\/11-0016)","article-title":"Predicting Spanish\u2013English bilingual children's language abilities","volume":"55","author":"Hammer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Speech Language Hearing Res."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-024-09577-2","article-title":"Early onset and increasing disparities in neurodevelopmental delays from birth to age 6 in children from low socioeconomic backgrounds","volume":"16","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurodev Disord."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1075\/tilar.12.06wei","article-title":"Social environments shape children's language experiences, strengthening language processing and building vocabulary","volume":"2014","author":"Weisleder","year":"2014","journal-title":"In Language in interaction: studies in honor of Eve V. Clark"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2014.05.008","article-title":"The language and literacy development of young dual language learners: a critical review","volume":"29","author":"Hammer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Early Child Res Q."},{"key":"B57","volume-title":"Language development and early education of young Hispanic children in the United States","author":"Garcia","year":"2007"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2010.07.003","article-title":"Language, culture, and adaptation in immigrant children","volume":"19","author":"Toppelberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.59377\/464f3851y","volume-title":"Latinx Families' Strengths and Resilience Contribute to Their Well-Being","author":"Cabrera","year":"2022"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70040","DOI":"10.1002\/trtr.70040","article-title":"\u201cFrom barriers to bridges: promoting multilingual language development through parent-teacher collaborations in early childhood","volume":"79","author":"Fumero","year":"2026"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0000886","article-title":"The effect of maternal education on parenting and early childhood development: an instrumental variables approach","volume":"36","author":"Cuartas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Family Psychol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.42.4.627","article-title":"Responsive parenting: establishing early foundations for social, communication and independent problem-solving skills","volume":"42","author":"Landry","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev Psychol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20177","article-title":"The role of maternal responsivity in the development of children with intellectual disabilities","volume":"13","author":"Warren","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031816-044628","article-title":"The relationship between education and health: reducing disparities through a contextual approach","volume":"39","author":"Zajacova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Rev Public Health"},{"key":"B65","unstructured":"Washington (DC)\n          US Department of Health and Human Services\n          Community Health and Economic Prosperity: Engaging Businesses as Stewards and Stakeholders\u2014A Report of the Surgeon General\n          \n          2021"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e232","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2663","volume":"29","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031210-101218","article-title":"The social determinants of health: coming of age","volume":"32","author":"Braveman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health."},{"key":"B68","unstructured":"Is public pre-K preparing Hispanic children to succeed?\n          \n          \n            \n              Laosa\n              LM\n            \n            \n              Ainsworth\n              P\n            \n          \n          Preschool Policy Brief\n          \n          2007"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128898","article-title":"Skill formation and the economics of investing in disadvantaged children","volume":"312","author":"Heckman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1248429","article-title":"Early childhood investments substantially boost adult health","volume":"343","author":"Campbell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2023.108110","article-title":"Ability change across multiple domains in mucopolysaccharidosis (Sanfilippo syndrome) type IIIA","volume":"141","author":"Shapiro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Genet Metab."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1044\/cicsd_34_F_86","article-title":"Limitations of age-equivalent scores in reporting the results of norm-referenced tests","volume":"34","author":"Maloney","year":"2007","journal-title":"CISD"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.1475","article-title":"Association of child poverty, brain development, and academic achievement","volume":"169","author":"Hair","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20153075","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-3075","article-title":"State of the art review: poverty and the developing brain","volume":"137","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Public Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1934241\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:32:20Z","timestamp":1790314340000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1934241\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1934241"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1934241","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"article-number":"1934241"}}