{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T06:04:00Z","timestamp":1789365840792,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Land-use decisions made during post-disaster reconstruction can reshape transport systems, built-up environments, and the spatial distribution of environmental exposures. However, these relationships remain insufficiently examined in earthquake-affected cities. This study evaluates the temporal and spatial patterns of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO\u2082) in Malatya, T\u00fcrkiye, during 2019\u20132025 and compares the 2019\u20132022 baseline with the 2023\u20132025 reconstruction period. Sentinel-5P TROPOMI observations were integrated with land use\/land cover, road density, elevation, NDVI, and NDBI within a common spatial framework comprising 108,626 pixel-year observations. Tropospheric NO\u2082 was modelled using XGBoost, variable contributions were interpreted through SHAP, and spatial dependence was assessed using Global Moran\u2019s\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    . High NO\u2082 levels were consistently concentrated along the Battalgazi-Ye\u015filyurt urban axis, where dense road networks, artificial surfaces, and intensive urban functions overlap, whereas lower values were observed in higher-elevation and lower-density areas. Land use\/land cover had the greatest gain-based contribution to the model, while elevation exerted a stronger influence on pixel-level predictions. The model showed moderate predictive performance on the holdout test set (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    =\u202f0.5941, RMSE\u202f=\u202f2.816\u202f\u03bcmol\u202fm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and MAE\u202f=\u202f1.865\u202f\u03bcmol\u202fm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Annual Global Moran\u2019s\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    values ranged from 0.9893 to 0.9922 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u202f0.001), indicating strong spatial clustering of tropospheric NO\u2082 throughout the study period. The reconstruction period was characterized by a more fragmented and spatially heterogeneous NO\u2082 pattern rather than a uniform province-wide increase. These findings suggest that changing transport flows, built-up development, topographic controls, and post-disaster spatial reorganization may jointly differentiate environmental exposure conditions. The study provides interpretable spatial evidence for health-sensitive land-use planning, air-quality monitoring, and post-disaster urban management.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1934899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T05:38:46Z","timestamp":1789364326000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Post-earthquake urban reconstruction, land use, and tropospheric NO\u2082 exposure in Malatya, T\u00fcrkiye"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Enes","family":"Karadeniz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts and Science, Inonu University","place":["Malatya, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30066-6","article-title":"City planning and population health: a global challenge: urban design, transport, and health 1","volume":"388","author":"Giles-Corti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp220","article-title":"Urban and transport planning related exposures and mortality: a health impact assessment for cities","volume":"125","author":"Mueller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-016-0108-1","article-title":"Urban and transport planning, environmental exposures and health, new concepts, methods and tools to improve health in 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