{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:10:46Z","timestamp":1790143846470,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>E-waste is among the fastest-growing waste streams globally, with India being a major contributor. Safe e-waste management remains suboptimal, particularly among vulnerable urban populations, where limited awareness and unsafe disposal practices may increase environmental and health risks. This study assessed knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to e-waste management among residents of an informal settlement in Delhi.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 425 adults selected through simple random sampling. KAP was assessed using a pretested, semi-structured questionnaire. The total score obtained by each participant was expressed as a percentage of the maximum possible score. Participants achieving \u226550% of the maximum score were categorized as having good\/adequate KAP. Firth penalized logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with adequate knowledge, positive attitudes, and good practices. Spearman\u2019s rank correlation was used to assess correlations among KAP scores, and relationships were further examined using a hypothesized structural path model with indirect effects estimated from 5,000 bootstrap resamples and bias-corrected 95% confidence intervals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Adequate knowledge was present in 17.18% of participants, positive attitudes in 44.47%, and good e-waste management practices in only 11.29%. Higher educational attainment was associated with adequate knowledge and a positive attitude, while younger participants, paid employment and ownership of &amp;gt;7 electronic gadgets were associated with higher odds of adequate knowledge and good practice. Knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were positively correlated (Spearman\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.253\u20130.481; all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). In the path model, knowledge was positively associated with attitude and practice, while attitude was also positively associated with practice; however, the indirect pathway through attitude was not statistically significant (\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.013; bootstrap 95% CI: \u22120.001 to 0.026;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.063).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A substantial knowledge\u2013attitude\u2013practice gap in e-waste management was observed: despite modest knowledge and comparatively more favorable attitudes, safe disposal practices remained exceptionally low, and attitude did not significantly mediate the knowledge\u2013practice association, with knowledge instead retaining a direct association with practice. Community-level e-waste interventions should strengthen awareness of health risks and formal disposal pathways while improving access to authorized collection and recycling services, with their effectiveness evaluated through future longitudinal and intervention studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1935156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:50:07Z","timestamp":1790142607000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond awareness: the knowledge\u2013attitude\u2013practice disconnect in e-waste management in an informal settlement of Delhi"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shivani","family":"Rao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College","place":["New Delhi, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kinshuk","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College","place":["New Delhi, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mongjam Meghachandra","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College","place":["New Delhi, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nandini","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher","place":["New Delhi, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Electronic Waste (e-Waste)","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"The Global E-Waste Monitor 2024","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Parliament Question: E-Waste Processing Management","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Electronic Waste Management in India","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.045","article-title":"Understanding the gap between formal and informal e-waste recycling facilities in India","volume":"125","author":"Dutta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Waste Manag"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"Toxics Link Annual Report 2016\u20132017","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-013-0496-8","article-title":"Health effects associated with the disposal of solid waste in landfills and incinerators in populations living in surrounding areas: a systematic review","volume":"58","author":"Mattiello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2746","DOI":"10.3390\/w13192746","article-title":"Water, soil, and plants interactions in a threatened environment","volume":"13","author":"Gavrilescu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-020-00805-z","article-title":"Sources and consequences of groundwater contamination","volume":"80","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"12","article-title":"Electronic waste (e-waste): sources, proliferation, effects and management in developing nations","volume":"12","author":"Ajekwene","year":"2022","journal-title":"IOSR J Eng"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2022.106840","article-title":"A comprehensive review of urban mining and the value recovery from e-waste materials","volume":"190","author":"Xavier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Resour Conserv Recycl"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"E-waste (Management) Rules, 2022","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11030411","article-title":"Community dynamics and engagement strategies in establishing demographic development and environmental surveillance systems: a multi-site report from India","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_686_23","article-title":"Knowledge and practices regarding e-waste and its management among adults living in Siliguri: a cross-sectional study","volume":"50","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20260759","article-title":"Revamping socioeconomic assessment: 2026 updates to the B. 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Prasad and modified Kuppuswamy scales","author":"Yadav","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Community Med Public Health"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880774","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.880774","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of knowledge, attitude, and practice toward COVID-19 in solid organ transplant recipients at a transplant center in the United States","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1108\/MEQ-12-2013-0139","article-title":"Understanding public knowledge and awareness on e-waste in an urban setting in India: a case study for Delhi","volume":"25","author":"Kwatra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Manag Environ Qual"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.30574\/gscarr.2021.8.2.0179","article-title":"Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of electronic waste management among consumers in Dhaka city, Bangladesh","volume":"8","author":"Meem","year":"2021","journal-title":"GSC Adv Res Rev"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.6007\/IJARBSS\/v11-i8\/10609","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude and practices on e-waste management among business students in a public university","volume":"11","author":"Azlan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Acad Res Bus Soc Sci"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.128297","article-title":"A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy","volume":"316","author":"Islam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.53974\/unza.jonas.7.2.1698","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and practices of e-waste in a low-income neighbourhood of Lusaka, 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